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Geo 2.1 - Coggle Diagram
Geo 2.1
How People Interact With the Large Natural Envioronment
Miners
Loggers
Indigenous people
Kayapo people
Experienced forced migration
Suffered from diease as settlers arrived
Prospered through contacts in the media dn commerce
Yanomami people
Farmers
Cattle Ranchers
1996 - 2006; 10 million hectares were cleared for cattle ranching
AT this rate, 40% of the Amazon will be gone by 2050
Ranching often leads to little food per hectare of farm land
Jungles are cleared for pastures - soil degrades - more jungle is cleared
How the Large Natural Environment is Formed and Changes Over Time
500 MYA
Gondwanaland splits into sections; one becomes South America and Africa
Break up due to strong convection currents
Material eroded from ancient rock transported by rivers accumulated and compressed into sandstone
200 MYA
South America and Africa seperate; westwerd shifting South American plate collides with NAZCA plate
Collision resulted in volcanic eruptions beneath the SA plate causing rising magma
Softer sedimentary rock had risen, which would later form the Andes
Land in the north and east of the SA plate buckled and formed a basin
Andes still growing as tectonic uplift is still occuring
2 MYA
During Quaternary period icea age
Ice age carved up softer rock of Andes
Much of it was turned into sediment
Present Day
Hydrological erosion, transportation and deposition occuring
Sediment on the Andes is easily eroded
Sediment is transported down into the Amazon Basin
Sediment is deposited in the Basin
The Characteristics of the Large Natural Environment
Relief
Andes Mountains
9000km long, they are the source of the Amazon River They run from Venezuela to Chile
Guinana Shield
Heavily forested, can be between 300-3000m high
Brazilian Shield
Makes up half of Brasil, can be up to 1000m above sea level
Climate
The Amazon has a trpical climate; characterised by hot and humid weather
Average temperature is 27 deg. C
Between 1500 - 3000mm of rain each year
Types of rainfall
Convectional
Orographic
Frontal
Vegetation
has 45% of the worlds tropical forest; up to 80000 species of plant
Amazon stores between 90 - 140 billion tonnes of carbon
Kinds of forest
Andean tropical rainforest
Varzea
Tropical forest
Rainforest
Stratification
Emergents; tallest trees in the rainforest
Canopy; where te top of most trees are found
Under canpoy; limited sunlight, high competition for sunlight
Shrub layer; dark and gloomy, very little vegetation between the trees
Soil
O Horizon; Top layer of soil made of fresh and partially decomposed plant materials
A Horizon; A mixture of mineral particles and organic decomposed material
B Horizon; Almost entirely rock particles
C Horizon; composed of partially weathered bedrock and bedrock
How People's Perceptions of the Large Natural Environment Change Over Time
How the Elements and processes in the Amazon Interact