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Ancient Civilizations images (17), : - Coggle Diagram
Ancient Civilizations 
Mesopotamia
Location: On page 6 it said the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
flowed southward through the Middle East. Also the author wrote, "much of the region is now hot desert, but many areas were more fertile in antiquity." (Steele 6)
Writing: On page 12 the text says, "The Sumerians devised the world's first script or writing system." It also said that around 700 different symbols were created to mean different things. (Steele 12)
Art: On page 28, the texts talks about how the Mesopotamians were very crafty people. Such as how they made pots and created the first potters wheel. the text also says, "By 3000 BCE, metalworkers were mixing tin with the copper to create the tough alloy called bronze. (Steele 28)
Government: The text tells us that Mesopotamia consisted of city-states before it became an empire under the rule of Sargon I
Religion: On page 14 the text tells us that the Sumerians worshipped many gods and goddesses, meaning they were polytheistic. The text also says,, " The Sumerians also believed in spirits, ghosts, and demons." (Steele 14)
Architecture: On page 24 the text talks about the multi leveled structures called ziggurats. Thes ziggurats were used to worship the gods. Also on page 24 the author states, " It represented a mountain, stretching from earth to to the heavens. (Steele 24)
Ancient Egypt
Location: Around 90% if Egypt is covered in desert. The rest is fertile growing land. These to areas are known as the Red and Black lands. On page 8 the passage says, "right up to modern times the pattern of life in Egypt for the majority of the population has depended on the exploitation of its fertile agricultural resources." This shows that based on where the Egyptians reside, they make the best of it by using the river to their advantage. (Hart 8)
Art: The Egyptians were very creative people, using gold in almost all of their artwork. On page 2 it says, "Egyptians jewelers also had access to many semiprecious stones from the deserts-orange-red carnelian, green feldspar, and mauve amethyst." This showed the wealth and diversity of the people of Ancient Egypt (Hart 24)
Writing: The Egyptians used hieroglyphics as a form of writing. There were over 700 hundred different signs, each meaning something different.. On page 34, the text states, "It was deliberately kept complicated so that not too many people could master it and the scribes could keep their special position." This showed the importance these small symbols held. (Hart 24)
Religion: The Egyptians were polytheistic, meaning they believed in multiple gods and goddesses. On page 24 the passage says, "Many of the gods are represented by animals." This shows the diversity of the religion. another statement is, "Each of the 42 different administrative districts (or "nomes") had its own god, and there were many others besides." This shows the power of the different gods, and the belief of the people. (Hart, 24)
Architecture: the great pyramids were and still are engineering marvels. The pyramids were sloping towers of granite and limestone. On page 20 it says, "The idea of this pyramid was recreate the mound that had emerged out of the watery ground at the beginning of time, which the Sun god stood and brought the other gods and goddesses into being.
Government: On page 12 the book tells us the royal court was very powerful and important. For example, "When people approached the king, they often kissed the ground at his feet." This shows how important the king and the decisions he made were very important to the people. (Hart 12)
Ancient China
Government: The ancient Chinese set up a government with the rise of the Han dynasty. This was an imperial government with large civil service. This government would continue and flourish for another 2,000 years. "China's social structure played a key role in maintaining its national stability. The civil service established by the Han emperor helped successive dynasties govern the huge population wisely and effectively." This excerpt from page 6 shows us how important the community and social structures were in order for the Chinese empire to last. (Cotterell)
Commerce/Trade: The Chinese completed much of their trade using the Silk Road. Page 58 said "Chinese merchants amassed large fortunes by exporting luxury goods such as silk, spices, teas, porcelaine, and lacquerware." This shows that the ancient Chinese had many different goods to offer that would result in valuable goods in return.(Cotterell)
Religion: The Chinese people believed in three main religions. Those religions were Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. On page 26 the author states, "Throughout its long history, China was tolerant of all religions. Although there were disagreements over religious principles, few people were persecuted for their beliefs." This shows the acceptance and variety ancient China showed when it came to other people and their beliefs. (Cotterell)
Architecture/Technology: The ancient Chinese were masters of technology and invention. For example, page 22 tells us of a seismometer that involved a glass or crystal ball. When the ground shook, the ball fell out of a dragon's mouth and into the mouth of a bronze frog waiting below. This shows how advanced the Chinese were considering the limits of that time. (Cotterell)
Writing: The ancient Chinese were the inventors of paper, printing, and books. They used block writing to create symbols and their paper was made of bamboo, silk, and hemp. These fibrous materials created strong paper. On page 24 it states, "There was a great demand for paper from the Han civil service, and it was mass-produced in government factories." This shows that paper and writing was important when it came to the government officials and other high class businesses. (Cotterell)
Location: Ancient China was located in between Europe, India, and West Asia. Because of the high mountains and vast deserts, China was separate from the rest of the world for multiple years. The Silk Road was the true advancement China needed to spread their culture and power throughout Asia. (Cotterell)
Art: Because of their grand amount of porcelain, jade, silk, and bronze, China had many fine artworks dating across multiple dynasties. On page 56, the author talks about the mass producing of many different types of craft using raw materials. They also talk about the magical properties believed to be stored in many of the materials. For example, jade was thought to hold magical properties and is still considered a token of immortality or longevity. This shows the importance and pride the Chinese took in their artwork.(Cotterell)
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