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sociological explanations - Coggle Diagram
sociological explanations
cultural norms and values
culture
- things that are learned and shred by a society or group of people, through generations
customs, traditions, language, skills, knowledge, beliefs, norms and values
values
- general principles and goals, what is goo and what we should aim for
norms
- the specific rules that govern behaviour in particular situations.
sanction
- sociologists use this term to describe anything that encourages people to conform to norms. rewards are positive sanctions, punishments are negative sanctions. sanctions are a form of
social control
., making sure people in society behave as other expect them
socialisation
primary socialisation
- takes place in the early years of life and usually occurs largely within the family, where we learn language, basic skills and norms
secondary socialisation
- takes place later, at school and in wider society
status and role
status
- is a position in society. some statuses are ascribed (born into). other statuses are achieved (through own effort)
consensus or conflict
functionalists
believe society is held together by a shared culture into which all its members are socialised. they see society as like a biological organism such as the human body, depend on each other like organs
based on
consensus
- harmony and agreement among members
marxists
disagree with the functionalist view. they see society as based on class conflict not consensus. Argue that society is divided into two classes: bourgeoisie and working class
see society as based on conflict
minority capitalist clas or
bourgroisie
- own the means of priduction (factories, land, law)
majority
working class
or proletariat- own nothing but their own labour, which they have to sell to the pourgeoisie in order to survive
feminists
- sociologists agree with marxists that there are fundamental divisions and conflict in society, see gender rather than class as the most important division
inequality
gender
- men and women still do not occupy equal positions in society
social class
- class can usually be defined by their occupations, effect daily life depending on middle class or lower class
ethnicity
- shared culture and identity, a group that have a shared heritage and cultural background (language and religion)
age
- affects a persons status and age stratification is a basic feature of any societies
studying society- sociologists create theories to explain society and human behaviour
social surveys
- asking a sample of people a series of questions in an interview or a written questionnaire
participant observation
- where the sociologist joins in with the group they are studying in order to gain deeper insight into their lives
officail statistics
- complied by the government