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Pregnancy, Has, Composed of, Composed of, Consists of, Consists of,…

- - - - Developing diabetes during pregnancy
      - Cause the baby to be larger than normal, labour becomes more difficult
  - - - Miscarriage
      - Poor fetal growth
      - Birth defects
    - - High blood pressure
      - Diabetes
      - Cardiovascular disease
  - - - High blood pressure, diabetes or STDs
      - Lung, heart, liver diseases
  - - - Gestational diabetes
      - Fatal if untreated
      - Preeclampsia
  - - - Gestational diabetes
      - High blood pressure
      - Premature labour
  - - - Cause multiple issues for the fetus
        
        Sudden infant death syndrome
        
        Multiple problems
        
        Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
    - - Causes multiple issues for fetal development and livelihood
        
        Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
        
        Birth defect
        
        Premature birth
      - Causes major health issues for the mother
        
        Cancer
        
        Major health problems
    - - Low birth weight
      - Higher chances of c-section
      - Preterm labour
    - - No issues as long as placenta problems or preterm labour occur
- - - - Contraception
        
        lactation amenorrhea
        
        progestrone only oral contraception
        
        Contraceptive patch
        
        Intrauterine device
- - - - Colostrum
  - - - Transitional milk
        
        Mature milk
  - - - breast to pre-pregnancy state
  - - - Alveoli size & lactiferous duct
- - - - Glucose challenge test
      - Glucose tolerance test
        
        checks for
        
        Gestational diabetes
    - - Checks for chromosomal diseases
        
        Estriol
        
        Inhibin
        
        Human chorionic gonadotropin
        
        Alpha-fetoprotein
    - - If not normal
        
        Amniocentesis
  - - - Urinalysis
      - Urine culture test
      - Blood type and Rh factor
      - Rubella, Hep B & C, and HIV
      - complete blood count
      - Sexually transmitted infection
    - - Ultrasound screening
        
        If not normal
        
        Abnormalities tests
        
        chorionic villus sampling
        
        Non-invasive prenatal genetic testing
      - Blood test
        
        Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A
        
        important for placenta health and implantation process
        
        if low
        
        Preterm pregnancy
        
        Miscarriage
        
        Preeclampsia
        
        Low birth weight
        
        Human chorionic gonadotropin
        
        Monitor the pregnancy
        
        Check for chromosomal diseases
        
        Confirm the pregnancy
        
        Estimate gestational age
    - - Pelvic examination
      - Physical check-up
      - Pregnancy confirmation test
- - - - Oogenesis
        
        The formation of female gametes, known as egg or ova
      - Spermatogenesis
        
        The formation of male gametes, known as sperm
- - - - Menses Phase
        (day 1 to day 5)
      - Follicular Phase
        (day 6 to day 14)
      - Ovulation
        (around day 14)
      - Luteal Phase
        (day 15 to day 28)
    - - Lining of the uterus to thicken
      - Ovulation
      - Menstrual cycle
        Trigger the menstrual cycle
    - - Food cravings
      - Bloating
      - Trouble sleeping
      - Breast tenderness
      - Headache
      - Mood changes
      - Acne
  - - - Headache and dizziness
      - Metalic taste
      - Food cravings
      - Cramping
      - Bloating
      - Mood swings
      - Spotting
      - Acne or skin changes
    - - Frequent trips to the bathroom
      - Missed period
      - Fatigue
      - Morning sickness
      - Sore breasts
- - - - Growth continues but at a slower rate
      - Tissues, organs, and organ system and formed
    - - Gasturlation
      - Neurulation
      - Bilaminar -> Trilaminar disc
      - Chorionic villi
    - - Fertilization
      - Zygote formed
      - Moves to uterus from fallopian tube
      - Embryoblast and trophoblast cells produced
      - Blastocyst formed
    - - Symphsio-fundal height
      - Abdominal palpitation
      - Ultrasound
      - LMP
  - - - Progesterone and Estrogen
        
        Placenta secrete hCG to maintain corpus luteum
        
        Corpus luteum continue secreting progesterone and estrogen
        
        Placenta starts producing progesterone and estrogen at the 3rd month
      - Relaxin
        
        Released by corpus luteum and placenta
        
        Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
      - Thyroid Hormone
        
        Thyrotropin releasing hormone is released by the placenta
        
        Stimulates release of thyrotropin stimulating hormone
    - - Uterine cavity occupies most of abdominal cavity
      - Pushes all other organs out
      - Pressures urinary bladder
        
        Increased frequency of urination
    - - Increased
        
        Stroke volume
        
        Cardiac output
        
        Heart rate
      - Decreased
        
        Vascular resistance
      - Goal of changes
        
        Meet additional demands of fetus
    - - Resting position of diaphragm shifts up
        
        Decreases expiratory reserve volume
        
        Decreases expiratory reserve volume
      - Increased progesterone concentration
        
        Increased tidal volume
        
        Increase in partial pressure of oxygen in blood
        
        Decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood
        
        Shift of oxygen dissociation curve to the right favoring oxygen dissociation
- - - - Comprehensive history
      - Obstetric history
      - Systematic examination
      - Lab tests
      - Physical examination
    - - Obstetric examination
      - General advice
      - Ultrasound
- - - - Add 7 to days
      - Add 9 to months
      - Depends on LMP
    - - Contraindicated vaccines (live attenuated vaccines))
      - Safe vaccines
        
        Toxoids
        
        Inactivated bacteria / viruses
    - - Through placenta
      - During delivery
    - - Nutrition during pregnancy
        
        Required vitamins
        
        Folic acid
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Iron
        
        Maintain healthy diet and adequate hydration
        
        Minimize caffeine intake.