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Improving relations 1923-29 - Coggle Diagram
Improving relations 1923-29
Dawes plan
In order to address the problem of German reparations, a conference was held in London in 1924, organized by the German chancellor Gustav Stresemann.
It was clear that French policy had changed as they were much more willing to compromise with Germany, which paved the way for future tension-reducing negotiations.
Germany received a large foreign loan from the USA so that Germany would be in a better position to meet its reparation requirements.
The German national bank, the Reichsbank was supervised by countries attending the conference (Britain, France, Italy and Belgium).
In this conference, it was agreed that Germany only was allowed to pay the reparations that it could reasonably afford.
Success/failure
Locarno Conference
Details of the conference
Took place on 5-16th of October in London, later signed on 1st December by Germany, Britain, France, Belgium and Italy
They also created the Mutual Guarantee so that any country which was victim to violation of the treaty would be assisted by Britain or Italy
The aims of the the Conference
To create greater stability in Europe
Germany France and Belgium to respect their joint frontiers
No military action to be taken unless it was defensive
Britain and Italy would assist any country that was victim to aggression in violation to the Locarno Treaties.
Outcomes of the conference
Relations between Germany and France were improved
German minister accepted the loss of lands from the ToV
Germany was accepted into the LoN in 1926
France still remained cautious of Germany and a potential invasion.
Success
The conference was a success as Germany accepting the ToV allowed further progress in relations to be made
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Reasons for the pact
The USA were disappointed as they were not allowed to join the League of Nations, US secretary of State Frank Billings Kellogg & Aristide Pierre Henri Briand proposed a means of peace-keeping in Europe through the banning of wars across the world.
The continuation and signing of the treaty was to happen in Paris with 15 nations attending.
France, US, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, NZ, South Africa, India, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy and Japan.
Aims
The League arranged the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, which had the main aim of outlawing war.
The use of weapons and arms were prohibited, unless being used as a means of self-defence against attacks or if it suited the League's covenant and other peace treaties of the League.
All disputes were to be handled/settled by the League of Nations.
Failure
The Pact ended up being completely ineffective due the numerous loop-holes it had by following nations to use arms in a means of self defense.
The League of Nations also failed to establish a means of enforcement for the treaty which rendered it pointless as nations just ignored it.
Tensions were still extremely high in Europe as many nations refused to follow through with the treaty.
The Young Plan
Reasons
The reparations set on Germany were too high, the allies decided to reduce the amount the Weimar Government had to pay in order to help the German economy grow further.
It also helped extend the due date of Germany paying back its reparations to the allies.
It was a continuation to the original Dawes Plan in 1924 by Charles Dawes and Gustav Stresemann.
Aims
Germany was to have its war debt and reparations owed to the allies reduced by 17%.
Germany was to have its reparations deadline extended till 1988 to pay back.
It removed International control over German factories and railways.
It was the predecessor to what would eventually be discussed in the Lausanne Conference that would eventually discuss the complete removal of reparations for Germany.
Failure
The Wall street crash occurred in 1929 which led to a temporary suspension of the Young and Dawes plans.
However the Young Plan still paved the way for Germany to have its reparations completely removed through the Lausanne conference in 1932.
The withdrawal of loans from the United States caused the German economy to collapse with many banks being closed down as well as the amount of unemployed in Germany eventually at around 6.1 million.
London Conference
Relations between the Big Powers