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BIODIVERFSITY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Expansion of Agriculture
        (forest into Agricultural land)
        Jhum Cultivation
      - Infrastructure Project
        (Land use Change)
      - Hydropower Project
        (Dams create loss of local biodiversity)
  - - - It have a tendency to spread to a degree which cause damage to environment and threat to the endemic species
    - - Fast Growth
        (Example: Gold Fish)
      - Rapid Reproduction
        (for dominating ecosystem)
      - High Dispersal Ability
        (Spreads very Fast)
      - Association with Humans
      - Absence of natural predators
  - - - Melting of Polar Ice:
        Birds-Migration pattern changes
        Polar Bear: Being Extinct
      - Sea Level Rise:
        Impact of coastal habitats
        
        Example: Coral Bleaching.
        Leeds to Food chain loss which causes entire biodiversity loss
  - - - Monoculture Cultivation
      - BT Chemicals
- - - - Specialised Agency of UNEP
  - - - Both Criteria must satisfy
  - - - China
      - India
      - Philippines
      - Malasia
      - Indonesia
    - - South Africa
      - Madagaskar
      - Democratic republic of Congo
    - - Venezuela
      - Brazil
      - Columbia
      - Ecuador
      - Peru
    - - USA
      - Mexico
    - - Australia
      - Papua New Guinea
- - - - Example: Elephant
        
        Indian Elephant
        
        Asiatic Elephant
        
        African Elephant
  - - - Man
      - Tiger
      - Elephant
  - - - Forest
      - Grassland
      - Desert
- - - - The Hotspot is a Biogeographic region with high richness (variety of species) biodiversity satisfying 2 conditions
        
        At least 1500 Endemic Vascular Plants should be there
        
        More than 70% of its primary vegetation should have been lost.
  - - - It constitutes the 6%of the land area of India
      - But have 30% of species found here
    - - Also covers Andaman group of Islands
    - - The Nicobar Island in the Indian context
- - - - Community 1
        
        All species are evenly distributed
      - Community 2
        
        Some species dominate, so evenness will be less.
  - - - Alpha Diversity
        
        Measuring the diversity of single community or habitat
      - Beta Diversity
        
        Comparison of diversity between two communities
      - Gama DIversity
        
        Measuring the Diversity present in a geographical area
- - - - Wild Life Sanctuary
        
        established under Wildlife Protection Act
        
        Regulated protection y declaring the Boundaries by controlling human activities.
        There will not be core and Buffer areas
        
        Activities Allowed
        
        Grazing, Collection of Non Timber, Forest produce etc..
      - National Park
        
        Highest Protection by declaring "Critical Wildlife Habitat" in core area.
        It can be set up either inside or outside of a Sanctuary
        
        Activities
        
        No settlements allowed
        (Exception: Primitive tribes won't be thrown out)
        
        No human activities except tourism
        
        No Biomass collection
        
        Declaration and Removal can done by both Central or State governments.
        Declaration: Through Notification
        Removal: Through resolution
      - Biosphere Reserves
        
        Terrestrial or Marine Ecosystem with unique genetic diversity with human cultural values.
        
        3 Zones
        
        Core Zone
        
        Relatively undisturbed with zero human interference with Gene pool
        
        Need permission from Central government for entering for tourism etc.
        
        Buffer Zone
        
        Less stringent rules than core zone. Some kind of disturbances are allowed
        
        Scientific research
        
        Monitoring Purpose
        
        Education and Training
        
        Transition Zone
        
        It encompass with sustainable management
        
        Eco Tourism, Agricultural activities etc..
        
        Controlled Human activities
        
        In a Biosphere reserve multiple core, buffer and transition zones can be set up.
        
        Introduce by UNESCO as scientific management program to conserve and manage biosphere - MAB (Man and Biosphere) Programme
      - ESZ: Eco Sensitive Zone
        
        Notified outside NP and sanctuaries.
        It can be boundary of NP or Sanctuary.
        Distance are set by the government.
        
        Activities
        
        Prohibited Activities
        
        Mining, Quarrying, Polluted Units, Thermal Power Plants
        
        Allowed Activities
        
        Agriculture activities (Organic Farming), Horticulture, Aquaculture
        
        Problems:
        Man Animal Conflict
        
        Controlled and Regulated Activities
        
        Permission from the government is required from carrying such activities
        
        Hotels, Restaurants, Resorts, Recreational activities
        
        Established under Environment Protection Act 1986.
        Recommended by WGEEP (Western Ghats Expert Ecology Panel) under Madhav Gadgil (Gadgil Committee)
      - Conservation and Community Reserve
        
        Conservation Reserve
        
        Land ownership is with both central and state governments.
        No Human settlement, but land is used by local communities for resources
        
        Community Reserve
        
        Land ownership is with any individual or communities.
        Human Settlement prevails
        
        Example:
        Kokkarebellur
        Keshopur Miani
        
        National Park, Sanctuary, Protected Forest and Reserved Forest outside of an area and connected to other protected area.
        Zone between two Protected areas
  - - - Plants
        
        Seed Banks
        
        Example: Svalbard Seed Bank
        Worlds Largest seed bank
        
        Example: Changla (Ladakh)
        Worlds Second largest seed bank
        
        Botanical Gardens
      - Animals
        
        Captive Breeding Centres
        
        Zoological Parks
        
        Gene Parks