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Human Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ivan Pavlov
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Uncondition stimulus and response becomes the conditioned stimulus and response
        
        This is very interesting to me, I think it's cool that this happens unconsciously, and so quickly.
      - B.F Skinner
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Rewards and punishments exert influence on actions
      - Kohlberg
        
        Theory of moral development
        
        Stages
        
        Pre-conventional
        
        Obdedience and punishment orientation
        
        Individualism and exchange
        
        Conventional
        
        Good interpersonal relationships
        
        Maintaining the social order
        
        Post-conventional
        
        Social contract and individual rights
        
        Universal principles
        
        These theories are helpful in defining moral development, but they do not take in to account cultural differences and norms, and thus displays moral absolutism
        
        He also only studied boys, and different genders are sent different messages throughout childhood
    - - Four planes of development
        
        Infancy: "Help me do it myself"
        
        Childhood: "Help me think"
        
        Adolescence: "Help me think with you"
        
        Maturity: "How can I help you?"
      - Principles of development
        
        Children and adilts engange in self-construction
        
        Children have an innate path of psychological development
        
        I feel like this is a spiritual mindset, not scientific
      - Method of education: Non-traditional approach focusing on fostering independence and personal development in the classroom
        
        I never knew that Montessori schools were named after him
- - - - Adaptation
        
        Organisms chance in order to be more successful
        
        Four stages of cognitive development
        
        Sensorimotor
        
        Peroperational
        
        Concrete operational
        
        Formal operational
      - Schemas
        
        Assimilation
      - Accomodation
      - Stages of Development
        
        Preoperational thinking
        
        Substages
        
        Intuitive (ages 4/5-7)
        
        Preconceptual (ages 2-4/5)
        
        Theory of mind
        
        Categories
        
        Diverse desires
        
        Diverse beliefs
        
        Knowledge access
        
        False beliefs
        
        Hidden emotions
        
        Characteristics
        
        Animism: Assuming all things are living
        
        Relification: believing make-believe things are real
        
        Egocentrism: viewing everything from a personal point of view
        
        Symbolic representation: Using objects to represent events and concepts
        
        Play: Important for children to learn and experience the world
        
        Types of play
        
        Sensory pleasure
        
        Motion
        
        Rough-and-tumble
        
        Language
        
        Dramatic and modeling
        
        Concrete operational thinking
        
        Ages 7-12: Children become more logical, less egocentric, and gain a better understanding of cause and effect
        
        Skills gained
        
        Complex thinking
        
        Flexible and reversable thinking
        
        Use language for problem solving
        
        Formal operational thought(12 and up)
        
        Skills
        
        Ability to formulate and evaluate hyptheses
        
        Manipulation of things contrary to fact
        
        Can consider abstract ideas
        
        Reflection on one's thinking
        
        Efficient strategies for storing and retrieving memory
        
        Sensorimotor(0-4/5): Children learning to use the abilities they were born with
      - He believed children should learn at their own pace, and they will develop better if they are not pushed too hard in their education
      - Stages of moral development
        
        Moral realism
        
        Moral relativism
    - - Social-cognitive learning theory
        
        Shared meanings
        
        Guided participation
      - Zone of proxiamal development: Having children to tasks slightly above their development
        
        I remember as a kid always being challenged, and I now realize that was my teachers practicing the zone of proximal development.
      - Scaffolding: Gradually lowering the amount of teacher involvment in the activity
        
        This is a method Christian is showing us in his class, but using the graudual release of responsibility with our annotated bibliographies.
- - - - Psychosocial Theory: Conscious processes
        
        Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ego identity vs. ego diffusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. self-absorption, integrity vs. despair
      - Epigenetic principal: There is a plan for each organism
      - Industry vs. inferiority: Children who do not advance properly in academics will feel inferior to their peers, who are making academic advancements. Thus, how children perform tasks lay the groundwork for their self-esteem.
    - - Developmoent is determined by unconsciouss processes
      - Mental processes
        
        Id
        
        Ego
        
        Superego
      - Psychosexual stages
        
        Oral (birth to 18 months)
        
        Anal (18 months to 3 years
        
        I've never actually thought about sexual stages below the age of teenagers, it's interesting to hear about!
        
        Phallic (3-6 years)
        
        Latency (6-12 years)
        
        Genital (12 years and up)
- - - - Brofenbrenner
        
        Concentric Systems
        
        Microsystem
        
        Mesosystem
        
        Exosystem
        
        Macrosystem
        
        Chronosystem
- - - - Evolution
        
        Natural Selection: "Survival of the fittest"