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Determine the relationship between music preference and heart rate when…
Determine the relationship between music preference and heart rate when exposed to high-tempo music and low-tempo music
Variables
Participant Variables: Gender, emotional states as individuals may focus on personal issues or desires (difficulties outside school; assessments, due dates, events)
Participant awareness: Conducted with students that have studied emotion with awareness of the investigation.
Situational Variables: May occur distractions such as background disturbances, temperature of the room, time of day, and environment around other students
Constant Variables: Length of time listening, volume with the use of headphones and at a level to reduce background noise
Independent Variable: Are music types (High-tempo, low-tempo), music preferences (Relaxation)
Strengths: This variable is easy to be used and can be replicated, which ultimately tests reliability.
Limitations: The high-tempo music and low-tempo music clip was repetitive - may have conditioned to it especially since it played for 5 minutes.
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Dependent Variable: Heart rate (BPM), determined from using the Garmin watches
Strengths: There is a strict number that is measured (highly accurate), making recording and creating graphs easier. Additionally, it is easier to analyse and interpret.
Limitations: Does not explain and give evidence on how and why music type can increase/decrease heart rate.
Highest heart rate was only recorded at 4 and 8 minutes whereas the actual highest could’ve been at any other time.
Impact on data
Female sex possibly to have higher resting heart rates than males and over representation can influence the mean results.
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Students may have tried to modify their behaviours to produce expected results such as deep breathing during the low-tempo section of the music/song
Disturbances such as issues with headphones and laptop screens do not replicate a natural reaction, as participants' attention is on this instead.
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Impacting Factors
Preference to certain genres of music and whether these conditions respond and relax to this experiment
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Involving speakers/using headphones, types of headphones used
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Ethical Considerations
IVCRADD (informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, right to withdraw, deception, debriefing)
Confidentiality: identification numbers were assigned to protect information which could’ve been misused, although could’ve been noted as participants were placed closely together.
Informed consent: participants were given relevant and sufficient information about the method taken to understand the purpose and risk
Voluntary Participation: In order to identify volunteers for participation, researchers have to guarantee that no bias is applied. Additionally, if a participant chooses to decline or withdraw from the study at any point during its conduct, there must be no adverse consequences for them.
Right to withdraw: The ability to withdraw from research at any time, without having to give a reason, is granted to participants. Participants are required to be made aware of this right to withdraw from research at any time, without suffering any repercussions. A further requirement is that nobody should exert pressure on the participants to keep taking part.
Deception: Unless it is necessary to obtain participant results, deception may not be used at any point during the study. However, if doing so harms participants in any way, it is prohibited. During the study's debriefing, participants will be made aware of any fabrications and their justifications.
Debriefing: The participants should be made aware of the manipulation and deception during this process, which is required to take place at the conclusion of every study if deception is used to obtain results. Additionally, participants must be given the chance to express any queries or issues with the study, and any harm they may have suffered must be adequately explained and made up for.
Research Design Type
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Comparisons between these groups to the baseline measurements can be observed and create more accurate results
Limitations within Experiment: Other extraneous variables may manipulate and affect the outcome of the dependent variable
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