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2023/9/5 6 epidemiology - communicable diseases - Coggle Diagram
2023/9/5 6 epidemiology - communicable diseases
AMR (MDRO)
can read executive summary of the strategy
hk mainly about use in animals, a bit in human
control (more about outbreak control, except admin commitment of fiscal and human resources)
R0 basic reproductive number (hypothetical)
R0 = 1 will die down
R0 = c p d
d: duration of infectiouness
p: transmission probability per contact
in susceptible population: once when people infected, have immunity, or vaccine, or natural immunity
c: number of contacts per unit time
epidemic?
new and relapse cases per 100 000 population per year (TB 44.12 notification rate)
HIV
concentrated epidemic (four high risk groups)
generalised epidemic (only in sub Africa)
low epidemic
disease outbreak
unexpected (excess of what would normally be expected) can be 1 case (need to know expected: local epidemiology) where and when
endemic
epidemic
outbreak = epidemic
cluster 群組 but not always an outbreak
pandemic
10 steps of outbreak investigation
confirm existence of outbreak
artefact (notification variation, surveillance variation, change of diagnostic criteria, human errors, actually seasonal variation - expected)
confirm diagnosis
set case definition
time, place, person (depends: how sensitive, how specific)
for active case finding
active case finding
ask schools, go to buildings, media
descriptive analysis
time
point source e.g. one meal, food poisoning; continuous e.g. environmental, air conditioner; propagated e.g. human to human; intermittent e.g. COVID from outside
place
person
develop hypothesis
analytical study to test hypothesis
study design
complementary studies
disseminate results
implement control measures