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Reactions of Compounds Containing Nitrogen and Oxygen - Coggle Diagram
Reactions of Compounds Containing Nitrogen and Oxygen
Types of Reactions
Oxidation: hydrogen atoms taken from molecule
Reduction: hydrogen atoms added to molecule
Condensation: reacting atoms exchanged for others
Hydrolysis: pair of atoms removed, double bond formed
Alcohols
Combustion reaction (a type of oxidation)
Alcohol + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Oxidation reaction
Conditions: type of oxidising agent used, type of alcohol (position of hydroxyl group), heat, acidification
Of primary alcohols
stage 1: aldehyde produced (two hydrogen atoms removed from alcohol structure) - needs mild conditions
stage 2: carboxylic acid produced (oxygen atom added to aldehyde structure) - needs high temperatures + longer reaction time
stage 3: put in acidic conditions with high temperatures
Of secondary alcohols
conditions: heat, acidified oxidising agent
step 1: ketone produced (two hydrogen atoms removed from alcohol structure)
Of tertiary alcohols
Cannot be oxidised as the alcohol has no hydrogen to lose
primary and secondary alcohols will change colour, from orange to green (for acidifed potassium dichromate solution) or purple to colourless (for acidified potassium permanganate solution)
Nitriles
Reduction reaction (opposite of alcohols)
Conditions: metal catalysts, increased temperature
Product: amines
Hydrogen atoms added at triple bond
Producing Esters (Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols)
Forward reaction
Conditions: acid catalyst and heat
Condensation reaction
Product is esters (esterification)
Reverse reaction
Hydrolysation
Product is carboxylic acids and alcohols
Reactant is esters
Conditions: needs alkali or dilute acid, heat
Producing Amides (Amines and Carboxylic Acids)
Condensation reaction
Produces water as a by product