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Humans, Cells, Plants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Externally surrounds cytoplasm
      - Selectively permeable, controls type of substances that enter or leave cell
      - Mainly lipids and proteins known as phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
      - Charged phosphate groups face outward and interact with aqueous environment on either side of membrane
    - - Nucleolus
        
        Spherical structure where components of ribosomes are synthesised and assembled
      - Nucleoplasm
        
        Dense protoplasm
      - Chromatin threads
        
        Contain hereditary material DNA
        
        Condense into chromosomes during cell division
      - Nuclear envelope
        
        Double membrane with perforated by nuclear pores around nucleus
      - Function
        
        Controls cell activities such as protein synthesis, biochemical reactions, cell growth, repair, division
    - - Place where chemical reactions occur in the cell
      - Organelles embedded in cytoplasm
        
        Mitochondrion (mitochondria plural)
        
        Main site of ATP production in aerobic respiration
        
        Cylindrical, rod-shaped
        
        Bounded by double membrane
        
        Inner membrane extensively folded to form cristae that project into semi-fluid matrix
        
        Outer membrane smooth and continuous
        
        Membrane separated by inter-membrane space
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Site of photosynthesis
        
        Bounded by 2 membranes, forming the chloroplast envelope
        
        Contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments
        
        Located on a system of membrane called thylakoids
        
        Thylakoids stack to form grana (sing. granum)
        
        Grana joined by intergranal lamellae
        
        Filled with gel-like substance called stroma
        
        Contains soluble enzymes and circular DNA
        
        Vacuole
        
        Plant cells
        
        Large, central, fluid filled space enclosed by membrane that pushes cytoplasm to the edge of the cell
        
        Contains dissolved sugars, salts, amino acids
        
        Animal cells
        
        Small, non-permanent
        
        Ribosome
        
        Site of protein synthesis
        
        Free ribosomes make proteins for the cell
        
        Bound ribosomes attached to ER make proteins for secretion
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Rough
        
        Ribosomes attached to outer surface
        
        Proteins are synthesised and packaged into membranous vesicles
        
        Smooth
        
        No ribosomes
        
        Synthesises lipids, detoxifies harmful substances
        
        Network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
        
        Usually attached to and originates from the outer membrane of the nucleus
        
        Golgi body
        
        Stack of flattened membranous sacs also called cisternae and system of associated vesicles (Golgi vesicles)
        
        Chemically modifies proteins and lipids from ER
        
        Repackages them into secretory vesicles
        
        Secretory vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release secretory proteins like enzymes to the cell exterior
        
        cis face is closer to the ER
        
        trans face gives rise to secretory proteins
        
        Lysosomes
        
        Made by rough ER and processed by Golgi apparatus
        
        Contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules like proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
      - Cytosol (Semi-fluid medium)
      - Protein synthesis
        
        Polypeptide chain grows from ribosome into cisternal space of ER and folds into its native conformation
        
        Secretory proteins bud from ER in transport vesicles
        
        Transport vesicles travel to Golgi apparatus from ER where they are chemically modified, sorted and sent to other destinations
    - - Plant cell has cellulose cell wall
      - Protects cell from injury
      - Gives cell fixed shape
      - Fully permeable
  - - - bacteria
      - no distinct nucleus, genetic material condensed into nucleoid
      - small
      - absence of membranous structures
    - - protists, animals, plants, fungi
      - has true nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope
      - large
      - presence of membranous structures
  - - - cytoplasm
      - nucleus
      - mitochndria
      - ER and ribosomes
      - cell membrane
    - - P: chloroplasts A: no chloroplasts
      - P: cell wall A: no cell wall
      - P: large central vacuole A: small temporary vacuole
      - P: starch granules A: glycogen granules
  - - - Internal structure of microbes, more detailed
    - - Less detailed, exterior of cells/surfaces
  - - - End walls broken down to allow for continuous flow of water
      - Absence of protoplasm to decrease resistance to flow of water
      - Deposition of lignin on inner wall to prevent collapse during transpiration pull and provide mechanical support for plant
    - - Biconcave disc shape to increase SA to V ratio for diffusion of oxygen
      - No nucleus to contain more haemoglobin and maximise oxygen carrying capacity
      - Elastic to squeeze through capillaries
    - - Long and narrow protrusion to increase SA to V ratio for more efficient absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts
      - Large vacuole with concentrated cell sap so water potential more -ve for osmosis
      - Many mitochondria for more ATP for active transport
    - - Many mitochondria for ATP for muscle contraction
  - - - Central core of DNA/RNA surrounded by protein coat called capsid made of capsomeres. Some viruses have additional layer called envelope from host's membrane that may have spikes