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Infectious Disease - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Community-Acquired Pneumonia
        
        Etiology
        
        Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram-positive bacteria)
        
        Most common causative agent
        
        Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-negative bacteria)
        
        Atypical Pathogens (Mycoplasma, Legionella)
        
        Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Atypical)
        
        Legionella pneumophila (Atypical)
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Chest X-ray
        
        Infiltrates or consolidation
        
        Sputum Culture
        
        Identifies causative bacteria
        
        Collect sputum sample before antibiotics
        
        Blood Culture (if severe)
        
        To rule out bacteremia
        
        Treatment (Empirical)
        
        Macrolides (e.g., Azithromycin)
        
        Effective against atypical pathogens
        
        Fluoroquinolones (e.g., Levofloxacin)
        
        Broad-spectrum coverage
        
        Beta-lactam antibiotics (if no contraindications)
        
        Amoxicillin
        
        Ceftriaxone
        
        Specific Antibiotics
        
        Penicillin G Benzathine (BicillinLA) 24,000 units IM x1
        (if Streptococcus pneumoniae is susceptible)
        
        Ceftriaxone (if severe)
        
        Vancomycin (if MRSA is suspected)
        
        Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      - Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
        
        Etiology
        
        Often Multi-drug Resistant Organisms (e.g., MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
        
        MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
        
        Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative)
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical and Radiological Findings
        
        New or progressive infiltrates on chest X-ray
        
        Sputum Culture
        
        Identifies causative bacteria
        
        Treatment
        
        Empirical Antibiotics based on local guidelines
        
        Meropenem
        
        Vancomycin
        
        De-escalation when culture results available
        
        Adjust antibiotics based on sensitivity
      - Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
        
        Etiology
        
        Often Multi-drug Resistant Organisms
        
        Aspiration pneumonia
        
        Results from inhaling bacteria from the oropharynx
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical and Radiological Findings
        
        Lower Respiratory Tract Culture
        
        Quantitative cultures of bronchial secretions
        
        Treatment
        
        Empirical Antibiotics based on local guidelines
        
        Broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., Meropenem, Vancomycin)
        
        De-escalation when culture results available
    - - Cystitis
        
        Etiology
        
        Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria)
        
        Most common causative agent
        
        Klebsiella, Enterococcus (less common)
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Urinalysis
        
        Pyuria (pus in urine)
        
        Bacteriuria (bacteria in urine)
        
        Nitrites, Leukocyte Esterase
        
        Indicates infection
        
        Urine Culture (for recurrent or complicated cases)
        
        Identifies specific bacteria and antibiotic sensitivities
        
        Treatment
        
        Nitrofurantoin
        
        Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
        
        Fosfomycin (alternative)
      - Pyelonephritis
        
        Etiology
        
        Often Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria)
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Urinalysis and Culture
        
        Pyuria, Bacteriuria
        
        Nitrites, Leukocyte Esterase
        
        Blood Culture (if severe or complicated)
        
        To rule out bacteremia
        
        Treatment
        
        Ciprofloxacin
        
        Ceftriaxone (if severe)
    - - Cellulitis
        
        Etiology
        
        Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, Gram-positive bacteria)
        
        Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), including MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical Assessment
        
        Erythema, warmth, swelling, pain
        
        Blood Culture (if severe)
        
        To rule out bacteremia
        
        Treatment
        
        Cephalexin
        
        Clindamycin (if MRSA is suspected)
      - Abscesses
        
        Etiology
        
        Often Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), including MRSA
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical Assessment
        
        Erythema, fluctuant mass
        
        Ultrasound or CT scan (if deep or uncertain diagnosis)
        
        Locates and measures the abscess
        
        Treatment
        
        Incision and Drainage (I&D)
        
        Surgical procedure to remove pus
        
        Antibiotics (if systemic signs or severe)
        
        Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Doxycycline
    - - Gastroenteritis
        
        Etiology
        
        Viral (e.g., Norovirus, Rotavirus)
        
        Most common viral causes
        
        Bacterial (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter)
        
        Common bacterial causes
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Stool Culture (for bacterial causes)
        
        Identifies specific bacteria
        
        Fecal Leukocytes
        
        Presence indicates inflammation
        
        Treatment
        
        Supportive Care (hydration)
        
        Antibiotics (if severe or specific bacterial cause)
        
        Ciprofloxacin (for severe travelers' diarrhea)
        
        Azithromycin (for Campylobacter)
      - Diverticulitis
        
        Etiology
        
        Infection and inflammation of diverticula
        
        Diagnosis
        
        CT scan
        
        Shows inflammation or abscess
        
        Treatment
        
        Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole
    - - Etiology
        
        Often Gardnerella vaginalis (Gram-variable bacteria)
        
        Microorganism associated with this condition
      - Diagnosis
        
        Clinical Assessment
        
        Characteristic vaginal discharge (gray, fishy odor)
        
        Vaginal pH (>4.5)
        
        Elevated pH is indicative
        
        Whiff Test (amine odor)
        
        Positive test with the addition of KOH
        
        Microscopy (Clue cells)
        
        Epithelial cells with adherent bacteria
      - Treatment
        
        Metronidazole
        
        Oral or topical application
        
        Clindamycin
        
        Alternative treatment
    - - Etiology
        
        Trichomonas vaginalis (Protozoan)
        
        Parasite causing this STI
      - Diagnosis
        
        Wet Mount Microscopy
        
        Identifies characteristic motile trichomonads
        
        Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT)
        
        Highly sensitive and specific
      - Treatment
        
        Metronidazole
        
        Oral medication
        
        Tinidazole
        
        Alternative treatment
    - - Etiology
        
        Often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes
        
        Highly contagious skin infection
      - Diagnosis
        
        Clinical Assessment
        
        Vesicles or pustules that rupture and form honey-colored crusts
        
        Culture (rarely needed)
        
        Identifies the causative bacteria
      - Treatment
        
        Topical Antibiotics (Mupirocin)
        
        For localized cases
        
        Oral Antibiotics (Cephalexin)
        
        For extensive or severe cases
    - - Etiology
        
        Various pathogens that take advantage of weakened immune systems in individuals with HIV
      - Diagnosis
        
        Depends on the specific infection (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosed via chest X-ray)
      - Treatment
        
        Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV to strengthen the immune system
        
        Specific treatment for the opportunistic infection (e.g., Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia)
    - - Etiology
        
        Viral infections
      - Classification
        
        DNA Virus Inhibitors
        
        Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues
        
        Examples:
        
        Acyclovir
        
        Valacyclovir
        
        Ganciclovir
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Inhibit viral DNA synthesis by competing with nucleosides
        
        Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
        
        Examples:
        
        Efavirenz
        
        Nevirapine
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Inhibit reverse transcriptase enzyme
        
        RNA Virus Inhibitors
        
        Protease Inhibitors
        
        Examples:
        
        Ritonavir
        
        Atazanavir
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Block viral protease enzyme, preventing viral replication
        
        Entry Inhibitors
        
        Examples:
        
        Enfuvirtide
        
        Maraviroc
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Interfere with viral entry into host cells
        
        Integrase Inhibitors
        
        Examples:
        
        Raltegravir
        
        Dolutegravir
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Block viral DNA integration into the host genome
        
        Antiretroviral Drugs (HIV Treatment)
        
        Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)
        
        Uses multiple antiretroviral drugs from different classes to suppress HIV replication
        
        Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
        
        Antiretroviral drugs for individuals at high risk of HIV infection
    - - Etiology
        
        Fungal infections
      - Classification
        
        Azoles
        
        Fluconazole
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450, blocking ergosterol synthesis
        
        Voriconazole
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Similar to fluconazole, with broader spectrum
        
        Echinocandins
        
        Caspofungin
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by targeting β-glucan
        
        Polyenes
        
        Amphotericin B
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, causing membrane disruption
        
        Allylamines
        
        Terbinafine
        
        Mechanism of Action:
        
        Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis
        
        Clinical Applications
        
        Candidiasis
        
        Etiology
        
        Candida species (e.g., Candida albicans)
        
        Common fungal infection
        
        Can affect various body parts (e.g., oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis)
        
        Opportunistic in immunocompromised individuals
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical assessment
        
        Microscopic examination (if needed)
        
        Culture (if severe or recurrent)
        
        Treatment
        
        Topical or oral antifungals (e.g., Fluconazole)
        
        Aspergillosis
        
        Etiology
        
        Aspergillus species
        
        Often affects the respiratory system
        
        Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
        
        Opportunistic in immunocompromised individuals
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Radiological findings (e.g., chest X-ray, CT scan)
        
        Serum galactomannan antigen test
        
        Culture (if possible)
        
        Treatment
        
        Voriconazole
        
        Liposomal Amphotericin B (if severe)
        
        Dermatophytosis (Tinea Infections)
        
        Etiology
        
        Dermatophyte fungi (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton)
        
        Causes skin, hair, and nail infections
        
        Common infections include athlete's foot, ringworm, and onychomycosis
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Clinical appearance
        
        Microscopic examination (if needed)
        
        Culture (if severe or recurrent)
        
        Treatment
        
        Topical or oral antifungals (e.g., Terbinafine, Fluconazole)
        
        Dosage and Administration