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MANUKAU HARBOUR 81_harbour_05-e1480457003371-600x433, Local Tangata…
MANUKAU HARBOUR 
CLIMATE
EMISSIONS & GHG'S
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ACIDIFICATION
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Increasing atmospheric CO2 is acidifying oceans, endangering species with carbonate-based shells like molluscs, plankton, echinoderms, and corals, leading to slower development and reduced survival. These species play vital roles in marine ecosystems and have economic significance. (7)
REDUCED AIR QUALITY
Climate hazards may harm or block access to infrastructure like housing, transportation, energy, and telecommunications have the most significant impact on marginalized people (5)
Emission levels and their pace will hinge on uncertain factors such as climate policies, resource availability, demographics, economics, and technological shifts. (6)
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EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
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Predicted intense and frequent extreme weather and heavy rainfall, particularly in Northland (Auckland) due to expected increases in ex-tropical cyclones (8).
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URBANISATION
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FUNDING CHALLENGES
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Responding to population growth and addressing environmental challenges requires investment in infrastructure. Funding sustainable development projects is a challenge as funding sources are insufficient (4)
WATER
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TE WHAKAPAPA O TE WAI
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The NCCRA recognizes climate challenges for New Zealand's Māori communities, emphasizing the need for leadership, but limited engagement with Māori leaders and mātauranga Māori persists. (10)
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STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
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Disconnection between urban water management and democratic decision-making, leading to a perception of a post-political era where technical, apolitical management hinders effective responses to social and environmental concerns. (2)
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INDIGENOUS LAND
MAORI LAND MANAGEMENT
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Manukau's Whatapaka Creek and Pukaki-Waiokauri Creek are Tangata Whenua Management Areas, acknowledging the local Tangata Whenua's ancestral significance and their preservation efforts despite development pressures. (9)
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SPIRITUAL VALUES, TIKANGA & WHAKAPAPA CONNECTIONS
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Local Tangata Whenua are protectors (Kaitiaki) of the Manukau Harbour, preserving its natural values. Customary rights and responsibilities are acknowledged, however greater involvement opportunities are required. (18)
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Extreme weather and flooding cause mold in many NZ homes, particularly rentals, harming indoor air quality and health. Closed landfills and declining water quality also pose risks during such events. Better housing, like insulation, improves health and reduces heating costs. (22)
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To manage coastal hazards, Auckland relies on policy such as the RMA 1991 and the NZCPS. These guide land use change to address and mitigate potential hazards, and must be strengthened in the face of expansion. (13)
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Auckland faces significant population growth, driven by births, migration, and changing patterns. This growth demands careful planning for housing, infrastructure, and transportation. (20)
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Intensified coastal development and urban sprawl are expanding exposure to extreme weather events, flooding, and landslides for hundreds of thousands of residents, affecting both coastal and inland communities. (21)
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Extreme storm-tides and large waves in Auckland contribute to coastal erosion, causing flooding and damage due to complex meteorological and astronomical interactions. (12)
COASTAL EROSION
EROSION
LAND USE CHANGE
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KAURI DIE BACK
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The dieback of kauri trees threatens not only the species itself but also the broader forest ecosystem, as kauri serves as a foundation species, influencing habitat and species diversity. (17)
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NIWA used tide gauges and models to predict extreme sea levels in the Manukau harbour. Inundation mapping showed flood-prone areas, influenced by climate change-induced sea level rise (11)
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Intensive land use change and agriculture is a leading cause of diffuse water contamination and pollution, resulting in eutrophication. (14)
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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) pose emerging contaminant concerns, persisting in aquatic environments via various pathways, raising safety and ecotoxicological issues. (15)
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Fire has significantly impacted New Zealand's ecosystems post-settlement, transforming landscapes and species composition. The ecological history and fire effects on indigenous species and communities require further research. (16)
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Manukau Harbour's ecological health declined from D (2016) to E (2018). Grades vary across the harbor, from extremely good to unhealthy, with increasing muddiness at some sites. (18)
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Emissions and bushfires are a duo that lead to long-term air quality problems, impacting human health and ecosystems far from the emission and/or fire origin. (19)
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(1) KELLY, S.; 2008. Environmental condition and values of Manukau Harbour. Prepared by Coast and Catchment Ltd. for Auckland Regional Council. Auckland Regional Council Technical Report 2009/112.
(2) Trowsdale, S., Boyle, K., & Baker, T. (2020, February 17). Politics, Water Management and Infrastructure. At p6. (3) 2 at At p2. (4) Auckland Council. (2018, June). Auckland’s Key Challenges - Ngā wero matua ki Tāmaki Makaurau. Auckland Plan 2050. (5) National Climate Change Risk Assessment for New Zealand - Main Report. (2020, August 3 Ministry for the Environment. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by a consortium led by AECOM, including Tonkin + Taylor Ltd, NIWA and Latitude and a number of independent contractors.) At p66. (6) At (5) at p 67. (7) At (5) at p 59. (8) At (5) at p8. (9)At (1) at p3.4. (10) At (5) at p24. (11) Roberts, R., N Carpenter and P Klinac (2020). Auckland’s exposure to coastal inundation by storm-tides and waves. Auckland Council technical report, TR2020/24 at p3. (12) 11 at p9. (13) Roberts, R., N Carpenter and P Klinac (2020). Predicting Auckland’s exposure to coastal instability and erosion, Auckland Council, technical report, TR2020/021 at p2. (14) René P. Schwarzenbach et al. ,The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems.Science 3 13,1072-1077(2006).DOI:10.1126/science.112729. (15) Yang, Y., Ok, Y. S., Kim, K.-H., Kwon, E. E., & Tsang, Y. F. (2017). Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (ppcps) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: A Review. Science of The Total Environment, 596–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102. (16) L. W. Perry, G., M. Wilmshurst1, J., & S. McGlone, M. (2014, May 13). Ecology and Long-Term History of Fire in New Zealand. NZES. (17) Wyse, S. V., Burns, B. R., & Wright, S. D. (2013). Distinctive Vegetation Communities are Associated with the Long-Lived Conifer, Agathis Australis(New Zealand Kauri, Araucariaceae) in New Zealand Rainforests. Austral Ecology, 39(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12089. (18) Auckland Council Research and Evaluation Unit, RIMU. (2018). Marine Report Card - Manukau Harbour - Knowledge Auckland. RIMU - Research and Evaluation Unit. https://knowledgeauckland.org.nz/report-cards/marine-report-card-manukau-harbour/. (.
(19)Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (2020). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our atmosphere and climate 2020.
(20) At (4). (21) At (5) page 5.4.1.
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