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The Development of Australia, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
The Development of Australia
Federation
Fathers of Federation
Sir Henry Parkes
Sir Henry Parkes was known as the most notable Federalist who began the idea for uniting the colonies. He was the Premier of New South Wales at the time and he worked very hard in 1889 to persuade the people of the colonies that the time was right for Federation.
Sir Alfred Deakin :
Sir Alfred Deakin worked tirelessly to promote the idea of Federating the colonies. He firmly believed in democracy. Through his speeches, he convinced many people that problems could be resolved if both sides realised the although they had different opinions, a compromise could always be found.
Edmund Barton
Edmund Barton was Australia's very first Prime Minister when it first became a nation. He was a very rich man and often led a self-indulgent lifestyle, which he gave up when he became the Prime Minister of Australia. In being the Prime Minister, he had to work long hard hours as a part of an elected group to write the Australian Constitution.
Pros and Cons for Federation
Pros for Federation
Easier to defend the country with one big army
Easier to manage trade and the economy between states
One system for services such as railways and postage
Easier to manage one set of laws for everyone
Cons for Federation
The cost of setting up and running a Federation
Big states were worried they would have to give the smaller states more money
Smaller states were worried they would get less money
People were worried they would loose their connection to England
1967 Referendum
Timeline of Events
1958
- Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines (FCAA) was formed and was a key organisation in campaigning for the 1967 referendum.
1962
- The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 was changed so that Indigenous people could enrol to vote.
1964
- The FCAA changed its name to the Federal Council of the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI).
1965
- A bill is put to the House of Representatives to repeal section 127 of the constitution. FCAATSI also campaigned for changes to section 51 as well.
1967
- Prime Minister Harold Holt called a Referendum for 27 May 1967 on whether or not Australia should change the wording of the constitution. Over 90% of the country voted ‘YES’ and the constitution was officially changed on 10 August 1967.
What was it about?
The 1967 Referendum removed references in the Constitution that discriminated against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. This meant the Australian Parliament could make laws to cover Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and they were also counted as part of Australia's census.
Freedom Ride
What was it?
The Freedom Ride was organised by a group of University students in NSW. It was inspired by the African American Civil Rights movement in the United States. The Freedom Ride was led by Aboriginal student Charles Perkins from the University of Sydney. The students travelled by bus to outback towns in NSW to show people the poor living conditions and bring attention to the racism and segregation in NSW towns.
What was the impact?
When the Freedom Ride reached Moree, a big crowd of local white people were waiting there to try and stop them from coming into the town. A big fight broke out, which made news headlines across the country. This was the first time many people recognised the discrimination faced by Indigenous people. Because of this, the Freedom Ride was seen as an important event in helping increase the "YES" vote.
Suffragette Movement
Key Women in the Movement
Mary Lee was a political activist who established the Working Women’s Trade Union. She served on local councils and committees to advocate for women’s rights and needs.
Edith Cowan challenged the status of women in Australia’s democracy. She believed that for things to change, she needed to run for parliament and in 1921 she was elected as a member of Parliament in Western Australia.
Catherine Helen Spence advocated for women’s rights and refused to adhere to societal norms. She was the first published Australian female author, first published Australian female journalist and first female elected to reform boards.
Vida Goldstein collected 31,000 signatures on a petition for the Women’s Suffragist Movement fighting for equal property rights, raising the age of marital consent and rights for women to access contraception more easily.
