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2023/9/11 7 overview of public health and measuring health - Coggle Diagram
2023/9/11 7 overview of public health and measuring health
health promotion
1991 Dahlgren and Whitehead
social determinants of health (policy rainbow) 🌈 later WHO (different theories for different levels!) interpersonal level: indoor no smoking areas
1958 Hochbaum... 1984 Prochaska and DiClementa
health relief model (e.g. smoking cessation, try to know what is their problem) -different from- stages of changes (benchmark of changes, moving up stages)
1974 Lalonde
health field concept: 4 principle determinants of health (human biology, lifestyle, environment and health care systems)
1985 Tannahill
health promotion: informed decision, empowerment (overlapping sphere of protection, prevention, education)
ask KOL to say health messages is more effective
epidemiology (time, place, person)
1992 Geoffrey Rose 🌹
population-based prevention, prevention paradox (e.g. 💉 few have the disease, most people not but may have worse off/side effects) herd immunity means no outbreak (not 0 disease)
1987 David Barker 🐕
in-utero development, early onset of DM (or risk of CHD) (doctors with DM, their mom experienced acute food scarcity)
1972 Archie Cochrane 🪳
evidence-based medicine
1954 Richard Doll 🪆 & Austin Bradford Hill 🌄
CAUSATION not just association: biological basis, temporality (time sequence: cause -before- effect) (doctor's cohort: smoking causes lung cancer, quit can reduce ca lung)
https://www.livetobaccofree.hk/tc/reason-to-quit/beneits-of-quitting.html
1854 John Snow ❄️
epidemiological method (turn off water pump)
public health policy
2004 Wanless
finally have money: economic case for investing in public health
1998 Acheson
Labour Law reducing health inequalities
1980 Black
health inequalities & social inequalities (social class) (health disparity has no meaning of doing worse)
1971 Tudor Hard
inverse care law (availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served)
1842 Chadwick
sanitation and health (toilet, water, rubbish)
management
1966 Donabedian
health service quality: structure-process-outcome
1984 Maxwell
health service quality x 6: access, equity (may give only a few, different from equality), efficiency, effectiveness, economy, appropriateness, acceptability (they all have different measuring units)
1996 Belbin
team roles x 9 (1 person can have more than 1 qualities, total at least 2 people) in order to assign the right person to the right job
1943 Maslow
hierarchy of needs (tell them what they need)
1987 Handy
organizational types: power, role, task and person
sociology
1951 Talcott Parsons
sick role (someone suffering from sickness has their own set of rights and responsibilities)
1967 Edwin Lemert
primary and secondary deviance (why people commit crime)
1963 Irving Goffman
STIGMA (e.g. HIV clinic becomes part of NCD clinic), institutionalization (in prison)
1975 Ivan Illich
iatrogenesis
1897 Emile Durkheim
social integration and suicide (unintentional injury: accidents; suicide: intentional injury) shall we use our resources to save the suicide; is smoking also an intentional injury?
1971 John Rawls
social justice (health mostly have less controversy) (e.g. save elderly or children?)
health measurements
frequency (e.g. incidence, prevalence)
population group
severity (e.g. morbidity, premature mortality)
consequences
social
economics
health
🌈 social determinants of health
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326568
may have positive & negative outcomes e.g. unemployment (voluntary? involuntary?)
2 definitions