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Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), CD4+ T cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Inflammatory macrophage activation
      - Intracellular pathogens
        
        virus, tumors
      - Th1 CD4 cell
      - Type 1 immunity
      - Express and requires the transcription factor T-bet for lineage specification
        
        Non-cytotoxic or weakly cytotoxic, tissue resident cells, functioning in the defense against infections with viruses and certain bacteria
        
        ILC1s and Th1 cells react to intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, and to tumours
        
        Receptors
        
        NK1.1, NKp46,NKp44
        
        Secretion
        
        IFN-γ, TNF-α, gnaenzymes, perforin
        
        Transcription factors
        
        T-bet (Hobit), NFIL3, RUNX3
      - IL-12, IL-18, IL-15
      - Cytotoxicity
    - - Type 2 immunity
      - Noninflammatory macrophage activation
      - Intestinal parasite infections
      - Secretion
        
        IL4
        
        B cell antibody production
        
        IL5, IL13, AREG
      - Th2 CD4 cell B cell maturation, class switching
      - cytokines, growth factors
        
        tissue repair
      - ILC2s and Th2 cells respond to large extracellular parasites and allergens
        
        In adipose tissues, ILC2s are involved in thermogenesis in the context of a cold shock
      - Transcription factors
        
        GATA-3, RORα, BCL11b, GFI
      - Receptors
        
        CD161, CRTH2
      - Induced by
        
        IL-25, TSLP, IL-33
    - - Type 3 immunity
      - Promotion of phagocytosis
      - Secretion
        
        IL17
        
        B cell antibody production
        
        Antimicrobial peptides, IL-22, lymphotoxin, GM-CFS (+ antimicrobial factors)
      - Th17 CD4cells
      - macrophages and neutrophils
      - ILC3s and Th17 cells combat extracellular microbes, such as bacteria and fungi
        
        An absence of ILC3s in the intestine can lead to a loss of control over the symbiotic microbiota
      - Receptors
        
        CCR6 (very important)
      - Transcription factors
        
        RORγt, AHR, T-bet
      - Response
        
        IL-1b, IL-1a
      - Detect extracellular pathogens
    - - Common Helper Innate Lymphoid Progenitor
        
        Common Innate Lymphoid Progenitor
        
        Common Lymphoid Progenitor
  - - - Cell mediated cytotoxicity
      - Macrophage activation
    - - Intracellular pathogens, viruses, and tumour cells
    - - NOX, NFIL3, T-bet, AIONIS
    - - Perforins, granzymes and IFNγ
    - - KLRG1
      - Perforin
      - CD314
    - - Common Innate Lymphoid Progenitor
        
        Common Lymphoid Progenitor
  - - - Formation of tertiary lymphoid structure
        
        newly formed lymph node structures
        
        facilitate local T and B cells interactions
        
        in close proximity to triger
        
        autoimmunity, chronic inflammation that not spontaneously dissolve
        
        strengthen ongoing immune response
      - Formation of cryptopatches
        
        Intra epithelial lymphocytes (IEL)
        
        Function
        
        Nutrient uptake
        
        Immunosurvailance
        
        Maintain and defend the intestinal epithelium
        
        Against dietary antigens
        
        Do not recirculate
        
        Express surface receptors
        
        CCR9
        
        Chemokine receptor
        
        Interacts with CCL25 by IEC
        
        2 more items...
        
        Developing thymocytes and intestinal lymphocytes
        
        αΕβ7 (CD103)
        
        Integrin
        
        Expressed by all IEL
        
        Interacts with E-cadherin on mucosal epithelial cells
        
        1 more item...
        
        CD8αα
        
        Homodimer
        
        1 more item...
        
        Similar affinity to multiple classical MHC class I molecules
        
        Repressor of IEL activation
        
        1 more item...
        
        TCR signaling repressor
        
        TCR+CD8αα+
        
        1 more item...
        
        Secretes IL17
        
        Similar to NK cells
        
        Memory phenotype
        
        Proximity
        
        quick responce
        
        Similar to CD4 and CD8 counterparts
        
        Cells they influence
        
        Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC)
        
        Maintain gut barrier
        
        Location
        
        Gastrointestinal immune system
        
        Intestinal epithelium
        
        Single layer of IECs
        
        1 IEL per 10 IEC
        
        Between the IECs
        
        1 more item...
        
        Surface receptors and chemokine receptors
        
        Respiratory tract
        
        Genital tract
        
        Classification for Intestinal IEL
        
        TCR expression profile
        
        TCR+
        
        secrete IL10
        
        1 more item...
        
        α,β,γ,δ
        
        induced TCR+ IEL
        
        1 more item...
        
        TCR-
        
        like innate lymphoid cells
        
        α,β,γ,δ
        
        γδ T cells
        
        Unique T cells' subopulation
        
        Secondary lymphoid organs
        
        rarely
        
        Peripheral tissues
        
        Most frequent
        
        Skin, intestines, lung
        
        Epithelial/mucosal tissues
        
        Less MHC dependance
        
        phosphorylated metabolites, markers of cellular stress, lipids
        
        Express heterodimeric TCRs of γ and δ chains
        
        Function
        
        Produce cytokines
        
        IFN-γ
        
        Th1
        
        IL-17
        
        Th17
        
        TNFα
        
        CXCL2
        
        neutrophil and macrophage recruitment
        
        Tissue sensing via butyrophilins
        
        Development and selection of dendritic epidermal T cells
        
        Repair of epithelial and mucosal barriers
        
        Repair of the intestinal epithelium
        
        Intestinal epithelial homeostasis
        
        Growth factors
        
        1 more item...
        
        Lung repair
        
        Vγ4+ and Vγ6+ γδ T cells
        
        IL-17-mediated promotion of tumour cell proliferation
        
        IL-22-producing Vγ6+ cells
        
        Protect against lung fibrosis
        
        Repair of the gums/gingiva
        
        IL-17-producing Vγ6+ cells
        
        Reciprocally shape the composition of commensal bacteria in situ
        
        Regulation of bone physiology
        
        γδ T cells in non-barrier tissues
        
        Surveillance of infection
        
        Tissue homeostasis
        
        Cytotoxic
        
        IFNγ
        
        Antigen presenting cell
        
        migrate to secondary lymph nodes
        
        human Vγ9/Vδ2+ T cells
        
        Chemokines
        
        organize B cell function
        
        Cells they influence
        
        Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
        
        Tissue-Resident Cells
        
        Skin
        
        Lung
        
        Intestines
        
        Infections and Tumor Cells
        
        Potent
        
        unique TCR
        
        broad antigen recognition
        
        tissue surveillance
        
        rapid responce
        
        tiny mucosal lymphoid aggregates scattered throughout the small and large intestine that act as local sites for production and maturation of γδ and αβ T lymphocytes, independent of the thymus gland
        
        DCs and LTis
    - - Mesenchymal organized cells
      - Retinoic acid
      - CXCL13
      - RANK ligand
    - - Lymphotoxin
      - IL-17
- - - - where an infection happens
      - gut and lung
- - - - Allergic reactions
  - - - IL-17
- - - - IFN-γ
      - GM-CSF
      - TNF-α
      - LT
      - IL-2
    - - IFN-γ
        
        by NK
      - IL-12
        
        by DC and macrophages
    - - CXCR3
      - CCR5
    - - T-BET
    - - stimulate neutrophils
      - anti-bacterial function
      - macrophage activation
        
        increase phagocytosis
      - intracellular pathogens: virus and bacteria
      - stimulate cytotoxic T cells
      - increases MHC I
  - - - Secrete cytokines
        
        Activate the cellular antibody responce to parasites
        
        Basophils
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Mast cells
      - support B cells
      - repair tissue damage by infection
      - non-inflammatory
      - extracellular pathogens
    - - IL-4
        
        produced by basophil through the innate immune system
    - - IL-4
      - IL-5
      - IL-13
      - IL-10
        
        recovry
      - TGF-β
        
        recovery
    - - GATA-3
    - - CCR4
      - CRTH2
        
        circulating human type 2 Th and type 2 T cytotoxic cells
      - CCR8
  - - - IL-17
      - IL-22
      - IL-21
    - - enhances the neutrophil responce to extracellular bacteria and fungi
        
        phagocytosis
      - activates the epithelium in gut/skin
      - autoimmunity
        
        when body cannot see difference between own cells and virus anymore so stars attack normal cells as well
      - inflammatory responces
    - - IL-21
      - IL-6
      - IL-23
      - TGF-β
    - - ROR γT
    - - CCR6
      - KLRB1
  - - - BCL-6
    - - CXCR5
    - - Help B cells become activated, switch isotope and increase affinity
      - Cytokine secretion
        
        Differentiation of antigen-activated B cells
        
        Antibody secretion plasma cells
      - Defense against extracellular pathogens
    - - IFN-γ
      - IL-21
      - IL-4
    - - IL-16
      - IL-23
  - - - prevent
        
        Further inflammation
        
        Tissue damage
      - regulate T cell priming
      - suppress all T effector cells (Th and CT)
        
        allergic reaction
      - prevent autoimmunity
      - peripheral tolerance
      - maintain immune system balance
    - - IL-35
      - TGB-B
      - IL-10
    - - FOXP3
    - - IL-2 RA
      - PD1
      - CTL4
      - CD25
    - - Cytokines that produce Treg
        
        TG-β
        
        IL-2
  - - - IL-9
    - - STAT6
      - PU.1
    - - CCR6
      - CXCR3
      - CCR3
    - - defense against extracellular pathogens
      - mucosal autoimmunity
      - cancer regulation
      - activates mast cells
      - regulate allergic reactions
        
        stimulates IgE production
      - can influence the activities of
        
        Th1
        
        Th2
        
        Th17
    - - IL-6
      - IL-21
      - IL-2
      - IL-4
      - TG-β
- - - - Common T-cell precursor/ ILC precusor
        
        CD8
        
        Common CD4 T cell precursor