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PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS & EXCIPIENT - Coggle Diagram
PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS & EXCIPIENT
EXCIPIENTS
DEFINITION
Used improve to stability, solubility, bioavailability, and overall performance of the medication.
inactive substances to create the final drug product.
CATAGORIES OF EXCIPIENTS
fillers and diluents
Provide desired weight and size of the tablet or capsule.
Examples of fillers and diluents include lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and mannitol
Binders
Hold the ingredients together and to improve the tablet's strength and durability.
Examples of binders include starch, cellulose derivatives, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Disintegrants
promote the rapid disintegration and dissolution of the tablet or capsule in the gastrointestinal tract.
Examples of disintegrants include croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone
Lubricants
Reduce the friction between the tablet or capsule and the die during compression.
Examples of lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc.
Coatings
Improve the appearance, taste, and odor of the tablet or capsule.
Examples of coatings include sugar- coating, film-coating, and enteric-coating
Solvent
Solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid.
Water is a solvent for polar molecules , all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell
Preservatives
A chemical substance used to preserve organic substances from decay or spoilage by preventing microbial attack
Antioxidants
(Aqueous and Oilsystems)
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of Inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Mainly used to enhance the stability of therapeutic agents that are susceptible to chemical degradation by oxidation
Viscosity inducing agents
substances which is added to an aqueous mixture, to improve the viscosity of liquid or to improve palatability or pour ability
Types - karaya gum, natural gum, Xanthan gum
Surfactants and Emulsifying
agents
Ethylene, propylene, ethoxylates etc
emulsifier is a compound that acts as a stabilizer for emulsions
'Surface Active Agents' are substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension
Sodium lauryl sulfate, tragacanth etc
Vehicles-liquid preparations
the medium in which ingredients of a formulation are dissolve, suspended or dispersed
Types of vehicles for liquid preparation - aqueous vehicles and oily vehicles
Colours , flavours and sweeteners
Pharmaceutical ingredients that impart the preferred colour to the formulation ,natural or artificial tastes and intended to be used either to impart a sweet taste to food or as a tabletop sweetener
PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS
DEFINITION
Example small molecule pharmaceutical ingredients include aspirin, paracetamol, and ibuprofen.
.
Active substances that provide a therapeutic effect
Small molecule pharmaceutical ingredients are typically chemically synthesized and have a low molecular weight.
Biologic pharmaceutical ingredients are large complex molecules that are produced using living cells.