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ESS 120 Ecology of Macro and Micro biology - Coggle Diagram
ESS 120 Ecology of Macro and Micro biology
5 kingdom system
Plants, Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Animal (1735)
Woese's 3 domain system
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaria
Archaea & Bacteria -> Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Single Prokaryote extremophiles from 3.42 billion years ago
Rigid cell wall of psuedomurein, creates shape
PsuedoM protects archaea from Lysosomes (and all enzymes we make)
Do not have membrane bound organelles, cytoplasms have all nutrients
Unique RNA sequence, distinguishes from bacteria
Plasmid and antibiotic resistant enzymes
Mode of reproduction is asexual like binary fission
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Types of Archaea: Crenarchaeota, Euryacheota, Korarcheota, thaumarchaeota, nanoarcheota
Crenarchaota: Exist in broad range of habitat, Tolerant to high temperatures and extreme heat, found in deep sea vents, hot springs, and superheated water, resistant to autoclave
Euryarchaeota: Exist in extreme alkaline/salt conditions, produce methane
Korarchaeota: Posses the genes common with Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, oldest surviving organism on Earth
Thaumarchaeota: Oxidize ammonia, plays important role in biogeochemical cycle
Nanoarcheota: Extremely small archaea, obligate symbiont of archaea
Plasmids, chromosome structure of prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Single celled, smallest living cell, free-living
Bacterial Genes are found in Operons
Promoter -> Gene 1-> Gene 2 -> etc, each gene becomes an individual protein
Bacteria can break down glucose/galactose and can produce sugar
Majority of cell walls have interlinking polymer call peptidoglycan
Composed of C (55%), O (20%), N (10%), H (8%), P (3%), and S (1%)
52.4% Protein (Amino Acid), 19.9% Nucleic Acid, 16.6% Polysaccharide, 9.4% phopolipid
Bacteria Reproduce every 20 minutes
Cyanobacteria creates significant amounts of oxygen
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi, can form largest organisms on earth
Both Terrestrial and Aquatic
No chloroplast
100,000 Species Described
Unicellular, smallest can be size of bacteria, 2 to 12 um
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Yeast, a fungi, is found in bread, beer, wine, chocolate, and coffee
Multicelular, grow in strands call hyphae, 5 to 10 um in diameter
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Fungal Genome can be both diploid or haploid and replicate meiosis or simple mitosis
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Subdivisions of Fungi
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Protists
Diverse and Abundant
Found in water, soil, and other organims
Can form slime molds
Animal like Protist can show mobility and predation
SIngle cell eukaryote
SIster taxa to eukarya and archaea
Can form multicellular structure when food is scarce
Plant like Protists -> Algae
Paraphyletic
Mixotrophic
Viruses
Discovered in 1883 with plants spreading infected sap/water (adolf meyer)
Filtered sap still infected so not bacteria
Foot and Mouth Disease for animals
1900 Yellow Fever
Do not belong to a kingdom or domain
Infectious agent of nucleic acid
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Bacteriophage -> Infects Bacteria
Flu, HIV, Covid
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Lytic and Lysogenic
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RNA -> Luca-> Bacteria & Archaea -> Eukaria
Microbial Ecosystem
The human body is an example of an important environment for microbes
Gut Biome is one of the most extensively studied regions of the body for microbes
Microbes in the human body only cause disease when the situation changes
They are Opportunistic
Able to become resistant to antibiotics
Virus limits range of immune system
15% of deaths are due to Infectious diseases
Globalization increases the spread of infectious diseases
Climate change also allows for diseases to exist in more areas
Types of Infectious Diseases
Viruses
Prions
Most antibiotic resistant Disease
Bacteria
Normal Microbiota
Microbes that you have are transferred from mother to child, and change during life (location/lifestyle)
Growth Factors
moisture, osmotic balance, food
Temperature
Cryophlic
Mesophilic
Thermophliic
Thermoduric
Oxygen
Obligate aerobes, Facultative Anaerobes
pH
Acidophile, Neurtophile, Alkaliphile
Soil
Parent Material, climate
Soil can also be affected by microbiota, and the inverse is possible