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PUBPO2250, TAKEAWAYS: - Coggle Diagram
PUBPO2250
CLASS1/2
What is society?
Collective
interdependent
unwritten or explicit rules: interaction; communication; evaluation
Self and Society: interplay between individuals who are embedded in their social context
What is a social problem?
Objectivist: harmful condition
racism, sexism
Subjectivist: issue if people in society think they are problems; response and perception matter
problems change as people's opinions shift
diff societies; diff problems
social constructed
What is a
social construction
?
How people assign meaning to the world
shared assumptions of reality
ex. race, gender, nationality, sexually, money, time
CLASS 6: SOCIAL STRUCTURE
What is social identity
A type of group membership
affliation with social, political, religious, employent institution
position within hierarchical social structure
assigned and voluntary
What are the three biggest organizing social idetities
gender + sexualiy
class
race + ethnicity
All three have attributes:
socially constructed
have real life consequences
define hierarchial positions
legitimated by dominant ideologies
intersectional
Related to strutural issues
class: capitalism
race: racism, white supremacy
gender: sexism, patriarchy, heteronormativity
What is social structure?
Organization of society from evolving interaction between individuals, institutions, and their environments
Microsystem: People deploy
cultural schema
to make sense of the world
Mesosystem: social group an individual belongs- ex. fam, school, church- systems have own rules, institutions, construct cultural schema and distributing resourcess
Macrosystem: interaction between mesosystem layers in ways that influence each other;
LOOK INTO
CLASS3
Social Problems
When are problems social rather than individual?
must be embedded in a
social context
Social problems marketplace
ideas and problems contested
What are three types of claims about social problems?
Descriptive
claims: objective facts made about a problem
Scale and scope; common or rare; is it experienced similarly
Causal
Claims: statements about the cause of the problem; how problem came to be; how problem affects others
factors; historical roots; effects
Normative
claims: opinions; suggestions
what should be done; why it is important; appeal to values
Rhetoric of Claims
Grounds: information & evidence- descriptive
Warrents: justificaions, appeals to values; reasoning- normative
Conclusion: recommended changes- causal
CLASS4/5
What is culture?
way of life of a people; what is needed to be known to be a functioning member of society
technology and material artifacts
publicly available
symbolic vehicles
of experiencing and expressing meaning
formal: beliefs, rituals, art forms, ceremonies
informal: language, gossip, stories
What are the American Cultural values?
Individualistic values- only individual interests drive person's situation
contradiction: individual in economic sphere; not in morality/fidelity
faith/moralism intense in America due to religious, family structure
Voluntarism
: membership is voluntary as individual choice, but that celebrates group affiliation
Contractualism
/covenantalism: free to leave or stay, but show fealty while there
Where do cultural values come from?
rational choice perspective
values are abstract
moral or normative undertones
define what people want, motivate behavior
Sociological Perspective
Culture is multivalent, heterogeneous,
contested
changes under diff. social structures
People adapt varying
cultural toolkits
as they navigate place in world
evaluating position within historical context
CLASS 7: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER
What is social structure
Individual agency exists, but contingent
choices constrained by power and situation
values, sense of self, understanding of the world shaped by social position
Individuals influence institutions as acting member
reinforce or disrupt rules / cultural shema
membership influences composition / characteristics of institution
Individuals influence mesosystem
through political processes
Institutions influence individuals and one another
What is
socialization
?
Social processes that bring people in line with the social structure; learning norms and roles of society and one's place in it
Plays role in reproducing power hiearchies
Not neutral; learn dominant cultural values
either explicitly written out
implicitly communicated
Learning gender
What is gender normativity?
assuming a baseline, typical, "normal"
How is gender socially constructed?
rigged system
system legitimated by illusion of "natural" gender order- innate gender differences
Reification
: social constructions assigned to natural origin
men evolved to be less emotional
What are gender roles and norms?
Gender roles: positions and responsibilities assigned to women and men in division of labor
Gender norms: expected actions expected of us based on sex category people perceived
How is gender socially constructed?
conceals power one group has over other
gives license to behavior that further inequality
Makes collective change difficult
Gender as an ideology
ideologies: systems of ideas and beliefs ; may or may not be expressed explicit; internalization of implicit habits
Dominant ideologies: reinforce and legitimate status quo
normalize default perspective
Gender and Parenting
What is gender?
Sex
: classification based on biological criteria
sex category
: assumed biological category based on social display
gender
: system of social organization assigned unequal status to men and women; establishes
social norms
and defines
social roles
(position and responsibilities in division of labor in domains )
Gender is performed
Gender tends to be a performance
we have been socialized to constantly distinguished between essential differences between binary categories
DOING GENDER:
Gender conformity supports gendered practices
gendered norms and expectations pattern the practices of people in work place
gender built into organizational structures
TAKEAWAYS:
INDIVIDUALISM PROMOTES AGENY BUT HIDES IMPORTANCE OF POWER AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
VALUES CONSTRUCTED AND REPRODUCED AND CHALLENGED SOCIALLY ORGANIZED ACTION
DEPLOY CULTURAL TOOLKITS TO NAVIGATE IDENTITIES AND EXPERIENCES