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Drugs, Screenshot 2023-08-27 at 10.10.36 am, Screenshot 2023-08-27 at 10…

- - - - Block ACh receptors or ion channels
    - - Agonists at ACh receptors
  - - - COX inhibitor in CNS only
      - Act via cannabinoid receptors
  - - - Reduce sensitivity of nervous system
    - - Analgesia
      - Euphoria
      - Cough reflex suppression
      - Respiratory depression
- - - - Na+ & Ca2+ enter cell
      - K+ leaves cell
- - - - CNS depressant
      - Converted to morphine & 6-MAM in body
      - Bind to opioid receptors & provide euphoria, analgesia & anxiolytic effects
      - Also causes respiratory depression
      - Opioid receptors
        
        Inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors
        
        Primary function - nociception (inhibitory response to pain)
        
        Found in - brain, spinal cord, peripheral neurons, digestive tract
        
        Types
        
        u opioid receptors - primary responsible for opioid effects
        
        delta opioid receptors
        
        K opioid receptors
        
        Nociceptin receptor
    - - Alkaloid used as a local anaesthetic
      - Crack cocaine - freebase form
      - Blocks Na+ channels to act as anaesthetic
        
        Blocks propagation of action potentials
      - Inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters
        
        Stimulant effect
        
        Dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
    - - Active ingredients are cannabinoids
      - Primarily act through CB1 receptors
        
        When activated, decrease sensitivity of nervous system
      - Cannabinoid receptors
        
        G protein-coupled receptors
        
        Activated by endocannabinoids
        
        Phytocannabinoids e.g. tetrahydrocannabinol
        
        Synthetic cannabinoids e.g. HU210
        
        CB1 receptor
        
        Inhibitory GPCR
        
        Decreases cAMP levels in cell
        
        Expressed in central & peripheral nervous systems
        
        Multiple functions regulating
        
        Pain
        
        Anxiety
        
        GI & cardiovascular effects
        
        CB2 receptor
        
        Inhibitory GPCR
        
        Decreases cAMP levels in cell
        
        Expressed in immune cells, GI & nervous system
        
        Function - suppress immune function
  - - - Developed from ergot fungus
      - Acts on serotonin receptors to produce vivid hallucinations
      - LSD acts via 5-HT2
    - - 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      - Most 5-HT receptors are excitatory GPCRs
    - - Triggers release of neurotransmitters & blocks reuptake - CNS stimulant
      - Reduces ability of brain to regulate temp
        
        Lead to death by overheating
        
        Excessive consumption of water can also be fatal
      - Mechanism
        
        MDMA inhibits both vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1 & VMAT2)
        
        VMAT2 transport monoamine neurotransmitters from the cell into the synapse
        
        If inhibited, monoamines build up inside cell
        
        MDMA also activates trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)
        
        Causes activation of DAT, NET & SERT transport proteins
        
        Reverse direction & monoamines flood into synapse
        
        Inhibited VMAT means these remain in synpase
    - - Crystal meth, ice - synthesised from ephedrine
      - CNS stimulant via multiple neurotransmitters - dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
      - Neurotoxic effects, so long term users at high risk of psychosis
      - Mechanism
        
        Methampetamine inhibits both vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1 and VMAT2)
        
        VMATs transport monoamine neurotransmitters from the cell into the synapse
        
        If inhibited, monoamines build up inside cell
        
        Methamphetamine also activates trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)
        
        Causes activation of DAT, NET, SERT transport proteins
        
        Reverse direction & monoamines flood into synpase
        
        Inhibited VMAT means these remain in synapse
  - - - Co-administration of different substances or certain food or drink may increase risk of overdose
    - - Acute
        
        Can occur after administration of a large amount of the drug, even if overdose is not reached
        
        E.g. Vomiting & ataxia after binge drinking
      - Chronic
        
        Can occur after long term use
        
        E.g. Liver failure & cancer after long term alcoholism
    - - Effects
        
        Acute
        
        Tachycardia
        
        Itching
        
        Paranoid delusions
        
        Hyperthermia
        
        Increased blood pressure
        
        Convulsions
        
        Cardiac arrest
        
        Chronic
        
        Increased risk of stroke & heart attack
        
        Coughing up blood
        
        Recurring fever
        
        Bruxism & gingivitis
    - - Acute
        
        Psychosis
        
        Seizures
        
        Changes in blood pressure
        
        Intracerebral hemorrhage
        
        Hallucinations
        
        Suicide
        
        Rapid muscle breakdown
        
        Kidney failure
      - Chronic
        
        Neurotoxicity to dopaminergic & serotonergic neurons
        
        Increased oxidative stress
        
        Meth mouth
        
        Hypertrophy of brain tissue
        
        Skin infections
        
        HIV & hepatitis
    - - Acute
        
        Dry mouth
        
        Nausea
        
        Vomiting
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Itching
        
        Respiratory depression
      - Chronic
        
        Liver damage
        
        Renal failure
        
        Collapse veins
        
        Depression
        
        Infertility or miscarriage
    - - A disorder characterised by a compulsive need to engage in rewarding behaviour (i.e. drug use) in spite of adverse consequences
      - Drug dependence
        
        Develops from repeated administration of drug
        
        Withdrawal symptoms if indiv attempts to stop using drug
      - Tolerance
        
        Develops from repeated use, & refers to decreased response the indiv has to the drug
        
        Results in indiv needing to take a larger dose to achieve same effects