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Social Studies - Coggle Diagram
Social Studies
Issue 2: Living in a Diverse Society
Managing Socio-Cultural Diversity (C7)
Assimilation
Immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group in the host country, abandoning their cultural traditions
Benefits: Immigrants form part of the majority group and fit in better with the nation as a whole. Strong national identity forged and maintained, preventing the influence of other cultures and traditions.
Drawbacks: Unique identities of immigrants diluted, and religious freedoms are not respected. Social tensions caused by immigrants wishing to practice their own culture or religion openly (e.g. 2003 Sikh protest against bans on religious attire in schools)
E.g.: In France, secularism and national identity are heavily emphasised. Discussion of religion banned in schools outside of Philosophy and History lessons, with mandatory French language and culture classes for immigrants
Integration
Immigrants are allowed to retain their unique cultural identity, while forging common ground and common bonds with other groups living in the host country.
Benefits: Fosters a cosmopolitan, diverse society that is accepting of different cultures and beliefs. Strong social cohesion because of a belief in harmony and understanding
e.g. Singapore, with bilingual policies and common spaces/experiences (PA, NS)
Drawbacks: Social tensions between groups, especially those who believe different cultures dilute the existing national identity rather than building onto it.
Reasons for Movement of People to Singapore (C5)
Socio-Cultural Environment
Quality Education System
Singapore is internationally recognised as having an excellent education system (local unis are very highly ranked in the world; 2nd in the world in OECD's PISA 2018)
New migrants are confident in securing an education and prospects for their families, leading them to be attracted to settle in Singapore.
Community Support
SG has a wide range of cultural communities already present, which support new migrants as they arrive in SG (e.g. Thai people along Beach Road)
Safe Environment
SG has an extremely low crime rate, creating a safe and comfortable environment which new migrants can feel secure in.
Economic Opportunities
Wide range of economic and job opportunities attract foreigners to come to SG to work and share culture (S-C Div)
SG is a global business hub with over 7000 MNCs present in the country. This leads to many economic and job opportunities.
Immigration Policy
SG's open-door policy to skilled foreign workers, encourages foreigners to come to SG to work and share culture (S-C Div)
Implemented due to declining population and brain drain in 1980s, important in sectors like construction with large manpower requirements
Effects of Living in a Diverse Society (C6)
Cultural Exchange and Fusion
Food
Crispy Rendang
Nasi Lemak Burger
Fashion
Music
Exchange of Skills and Knowledge
as collaboration occurs between people from different backgrounds, an exchange of skills and ideas occur, allowing SGeans to benefit by learning from foreign experts.
e.g. Biomedical Research Council under A*STAR invites renown scientists to come to Singapore to research
Common Spaces
allows for a space for people to have common, shared experiences and form inter-cultural bonds and understanding
Key Concepts:
Identity can be based on many factors, such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender
Diversity can cause both cultural/economic benefits and social tensions
There are various ways to manage diversity to work towards a harmonious, stable social fabric
Challenges of Living in a Diverse Society (C6)
Prejudice and Misconceptions
People may be subject to negative stereotypes or discrimination based on their cultural or ethnic background (e.g. Muslim and Arab people in the US)
Competition for Resources
Public Transport
Public Housing
Have limited capacity/supply, locals may be worried that foreigners will take from capacity that locals could otherwise access
Leads to social tension between locals and foreigners
Public Healthcare
Concerns over Social Mobility (Competition for Jobs)
Locals may be worried that skilled foreign professionals are reducing the number of high-paying jobs available to them, reducing their income and thus their social mobility
Managing Socio-Economic Diversity (C7)
Market-Based Approach (US
Govt. leaves citizens to decide on a standard of care within their budget. Market decides on availablility and cost of services, with govt. subsidies for lower SES people.
Benefits: Low-SES people have a decent standard of healthcare, while high-SES people can pay more for higher standards of care without burdening government funds
Drawbacks: Low-SES patients may experienced a reduced priority in healthcare institutions, as they will choose to serve high-SES patients who pay more and are more profitable first.
e.g.: USA with Medicare (Obamacare)
Shared Responsibility Approach (SG)
Govt. subsidises basic healthcare services, with citizens co-paying a portion of the costs. This balances personal responsibility and the government's responsibility to citizens
e.g. Singapore, with Medisave and CPF
Benefit: Healthcare remains affordable for lower-SES citizens. Citizens are encouraged to take responsibility for their own health and lead active and healthy lifestyles, resulting in reduced govt. burden and resource use
Drawback: considerable government funds and resources are required to support citizens' healthcare needs.
Government-Financed Approach (SE)
Govt. believes that all citizens deserve the same standard of care, and finances a basic standard of healthcare for everyone.
e.g. Sweden, with each citizens paying a fixed sum per year for healthcare irrespective of healthcare requirements or SES.
Benefits: Healthcare services are accessible and affordable for people across SESes
Drawbacks: Extremely large demand for resources necessitates efficiency, resulting in reduced choice of available treatments and procedures. Large strain on govt. resources and funds.
Issue 1: Exploring Citizenship and Governance
Role of Governments in Working for the Good of Society (C3)
Maintaining Internal Order and External Security
Internal Order
Clamping down on Crime
SPF
Responding to Emergencies
SCDF
External Security
Military Deterrance
SAF
Singapore Army
RSN
RSAF
DIS
Strong Diplomatic Relationships
MFA
Ensures continued safety and security, guarding against civil unrest
Ensures peace and stability, resulting in sustained Economic Development
Safeguarding the Interests of Citizens
Labour Interests
TAFEP
MOM
WorkRight
Financial Interests
CPF
ensures continued prosperity
Providing Goods and Services
Protect the supply of essential goods and services
Services
Electricity
EMA
Housing
HDB
Education
MOE
Transport
LTA
Goods
Food
SFA
Water
PUB
ensures the basic needs of Singaporeans are met
Ensuring Justice
Independently apply the law and ensure fair treatment
SPF
Judiciary
Builds trust in the government
Ideas Shaping Governance (C2)
Having Good Leadership
Capable Leadership
Honest and Incorruptible Leaders
build
trust and confidence
in government
Examples: LKY, any well-known SGean politician
Providing a Stake for Everyone
Promotes a
greater sense of belonging
Citizens will be more willing to work together for country's future
Example: PHS
Anticipating Change and Staying Relevant
Proactive vs Reactive
Short-term cost vs Long-term benefit
May cause social tension, but is necessary in VUCA world
example: IRs
Practicing Meritocracy
maintains
trust and confidence
Encourages SGeans to work hard, as they know their efforts will be appreciated and rewarded fairly
Examples: Edusave Scholarship and Merit Bursary
Role of Citizens in Working for the Good of Society (C3)
Influencing Government Decisions
As Individuals
Through citizen feedback
Examples: OSC or REACH
In Formal Groups
Informal groups lack credibility, and must present a unified front before being able to influence the government
NGOs can raise attention to less suited areas of government policy, helping in refining future policies
Example: HOME and TWC2 giving recommendations to improve foreign domestic worker living conditions
Contributing to the Needs of Society
As Individuals
Volunteer at NGOs or charities
Example: Willing Hearts
In Groups
Formal
Meet a wider range of issues and devote more significant, ongoing resources as an NGO
Example: Nature Society of Singapore
Informal
Meet short-term needs and necessities, like in a time of illness or difficulty
Example: Giving hand sanitizer to neighbours during pandemic
Key Concepts:
Differing needs, interests and priorities across society
Limited resources must be managed in accordance with the Common Good
Decisions and tradeoffs can have social costs and cause social tensions
Citizenship can be defined by (a) legal status, (b) sense of belonging or (c) active participation in public affairs
Issue 3: Being Part of a Globalised World
Driving Forces of Globalisation (C8)
Developments in Transportation
Developments in transportation include larger or more efficient planes, ships or port/airport facilities.
Advancements in transportation have resulted in a GREATER AMOUNT of people/goods being able to be transported ACROSS THE WORLD,
this leads to INCREASED INTERCONNECTEDNESS and FACILITATES THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION
which makes the world a smaller place
this also EASES INTERNATIONAL TRADE
e.g. SIA's A350-900ULRS with enough range to directly reach USA east coast
Growth of Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)
MNCs are businesses with economic activities in more than 1 country. MNCs control many aspects of global supply chains and economies.
the global span of MNCs drives globalisation as they increase ECONOMIC INTERCONNECTIONS between people and goods around the world
this FACILITATES THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION between countries, leading to INCREASED INTERCONNECTEDNESS and INTERDEPENDENCE
which makes the world a smaller place
e.g. Razer (SG company to int'l market)/ McDonalds (int'l company to SG market)
Developments in Technology
Developments in technology include enhanced communication technologies
e.g. communication apps like WhatsApp widely used in Singapore
Technological advancements in communication have resulted in BROADER ACCESS TO INFORMATION online and the increasing ability to COMMUNICATE EASILY AND AFFORDABLY
this FACILITATES THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION between countries, leading to INCREASED INTERCONNECTEDNESS and an INCREASED RATE OF TRANSFERS OF IDEAS, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
which makes the world a smaller place
Economic Impacts of Globalisation (C9)
possible essays
countries vs companies vs individuals (any 2)
any +ve vs any -ve impacts
comparison of 2 impacts
Countries
+ve: economic growth
Globalisation has led to an INTERDEPENDENT/INTERCONNECTED global economy. Thus, when other countries benefit from economic growth, SG stands to benefit as well
e.g. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), where state-owned or approved MNCs invest in foreign countries/projects
in 2013, SG received more than 800b in FDI from foreign businesses
e.g. Sovereign Wealth Funds can invest overseas to earn profits for the country
Temasek manages over S$382 billion of Singapore's reserves in both Singapore and overseas
-ve: economic downturn
Globalisation has led to an INTERDEPENDENT/INTERCONNECTED global economy. Thus, when other countries are affected by economic downturns, SG stands to be negatively impacted as well
e.g. COVID-19 Pandemic
Pandemic lockdowns led to a global economic shutdown, which slowed it to a standstill
reduced volume of goods produced globally
weaker SG market
1 more item...
SG companies generate less revenue
1 more item...
Companies
+ve: higher profits
Singaporean MNCs can increase their profits by setting up production in places where labour and materials are cheaper
e.g. Secretlab has a factory in China
Singaporean MNCs can increase their sales by expanding their market reach
e.g. Old Chang Kee has outlets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia and the UK
-ve: lower profits
Singaporean Companies may face increased competition for sales by foreign MNC, forcing them to innovate to keep up with the competition
However, smaller companies will have significantly less resources than large MNCs, reducing their ability to engage in price wars or expand R&D/ production
e.g. Neptune Orient Lines (NOL), a Singaporean shipping company which failed to compete and went out of business, with the company being sold to French shipping MNC CMA CGM
Individuals
+ve: higher income
Many MNCS invest in SG and set up local operations, offering high-paying job opportunities for Singaporeans
especially in the technology sector
e.g. Google
Developments in transport allow SGeans to migrate abroad for job opportunities
e.g. higher-paying job opportunities for blue-collar workers in Australia
-ve: lower income
Increased competition for jobs may result as foreign workers come to Singapore to work
Advancements in technology have allowed MNCs to recruit and hire skilled people from all around the world, increasing competition for jobs
This forces locals to accept lower pay or risk losing their jobs to foreign workers
e.g. tech sector jobs like Google
Developments in transport allow foreigners to migrate to SG to seek job opportunities, increasing competition for jobs
Socio-Cultural Impacts of Globalisation (C10)
Cultural Homogenisation (-ve)
Cultural homogenisation is the process by which local cultures are changed by foreign cultures to become more similar to aspects of those foreign cultures
If aspects of foreign culture become dominant, the influence of local cultures in those areas will be reduced, thus leading to the erosion of local traditions and culture.
In Food
e.g. spread of fast food outlets like McDonalds promote American cuisine over local cuisines
In Entertainment
e.g. Influence of Korean cultural products like Kpop and Kdramas result in a reduced interest in local SGean arts
Cultural Hybridisation
Cultural hybridisation is the process in which aspects of both local and foreign cultures are blended, forming a unique combination of cultural influences that produces new, distinct cultural products.
In Food
e.g. Nasi Lemak Burger is a form of cultural FUSION between American and SGean cuisine
In Entertainment
e.g. Crazy Rich Asians is an American-style rom-com/drama set in a SGean context, producing a unique, entertaining hybridised cultural product
Security Impacts of Globalisation (C11)
Cybersecurity Challenges
Responses to Cybersecurity Challenges
For Regions
Regional co-operation in the form of MOUs and agreements to enhance cybersecurity
e.g. annual ASEAN ministerial conference on cybersecurity
For Countries
Laws
revision of POHA (Protection from Harassment Act) for new digital harrassment methods
Introduction of POFMA (Protection from Online Falsehoods and Misinformation Act) to prevent destabilising manipulations of information from spreading
DIS (Digital and Intelligence Service)
develop new tools and systems to defend SG
prepare SG to counter attacks in the cyberspace
CSA (Cybersecurity Agency of Singapore)
Educate public on threats and appropriate responses
Work with Government and companies to stregthen infrasturcture and security measures
Increase competency of first responders to cyberattacks
For Individuals
Educate themselves on cybersecurity best practices and implement them to reduce risk of falling victim to cyberattacks
To Individuals
Impacts can include data theft, voyeurism, doxxing, identity theft or scams
Due to lack of awareness or complacency
To Countries
Impacts can include data theft, foreign influence, espionage, hacking
done in order to influence public through information manipulation
in order to undermine the Government and subvert its authority
Combated by increased awareness and vigilance
Transnational Terorism
Self-Radicalisation
Due to the increasing prevalence of the internet, people who are not part of organised terrorist groups can be inspired and readicalised by extremist propaganda spread online, influencing them to commit violent terrorism.
Terrorist Organisations
Groups like Jemaah Islamiyah recruit and train extremists in order to perform large-scale, destructive terrorist attacks
Responses to Transnational Terrorism
Protective Measures
Enhanced Surveillance
In key locations such as critical infrastructure (e.g. Jurong Island petrochhemical plants) and crowded public places (e.g. MRT stations)
Internal Security Act (ISA)
Detention without trial of suspected terrorists: controversial due to reduced checks and balances on prisoners
Preventive Measures
Border Control
ICA
Use of biometric passports to ensure dangerous persons are refused entry into Singapore
Use of radiographic scanners to inspect cargo and vehicles (e.g. Radiographic Scanner Portal at Changi Airfreight Centre)
Container Security Initiative (CSI), US-led program to scan containers at major shipping ports, SG is a participating country
Response Measures
Exercise Northstar: annual CT exercise to increase capabilities and readiness levels of agencies like SCDF/SPF
Exercise Heartbeat: SPF+SCDF working with private organisations and the wider communtiy to train personnel on what to do/ how to react in case of terrorist attacks (as first people onsite before police and rescue arrive)
International Collaboration: SG engages with other countries such as the USA, France and Sweden through its DSO National Laboratories to enhance CBRE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive) R&D efforts, to guard against CBRE attacks on SG.
P+P measures always preferred over R!
Key Concepts:
Globalisation is the process in which the activities and ideas of people in different parts of the world become interconnected.
Globalisation has both positive and negative impacts, and these impacts must be managed to ensure cohesive, mutually beneficial relaionships between nations
SBQ Question Types
Basic Inference
PEEL
Purpose/Message
PMAOEE
Comparison
OIPEEPEE
Reliability/Utility/Surprise
Basis (can lift, RQ)
WHY or HOW xx is good/bad (see GQ)
CR (PEEL+RQ)
CAP
Experts
(REL) HIGHLY QUALIFIED who can provide expert insight/ relevent recommendation to do xx
Corps.
(UNR) VESTED INTEREST: increase profits/reputation to sustain business
NGOs
(REL) WORKING FOR SOCIAL GOOD, positive public interest (difficult, shallow analysis)
Govt.
(UNR) VESTED INTEREST to improve public image (context-dependent)
(REL) WORKING FOR PUBLIC INTEREST in a specific area/ for a specific issue (context-dependent)
Hybrid
OIPEEPEE
CAP