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Reasons for the Cold War in Europe - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Capitalist (Class System)
        
        FREE MARKET ECONOMY:
        -> Private ownership of businesses and property
        -> Freedom to own and develop your own resources (able to have your own freedom)
        -> MINIMAL government regulation: only to ensure that competition is free and fair
      - Communist
        (Classless and Equal System)
        
        COMMAND ECONOMY:
        -> Government has ownership of ALL resources, property or businesses (govt controls & commands everything)
        -> NO such thing as private property (all are state-owned property)
        -> The state authority decides who produces what
    - - Democratic System
        
        -> More than 1 political party for people to choose from
        -> Government COMPROMISES (accepts) representatives elected by the people (they represent the people)
      - Authoritarian System
        
        -> It is ruled by a SINGLE political party
        -> There are NO alternative parties to vote for
        -> Political power is CONCENTRATED in the party leadership
    - - USA
        (Democratic & Capitalist)
        
        VISION:
        -> To create and sustain the conditions where people have the freedom to govern themselves
        -> To allow PRIVATE ownership as well as the freedom of expression
        
        AS A RESULT:
        -> Concerned that OTHER COUNTRIES would be INFLUENCED by Communist ideas
        -> Provided aid to anti-communist groups during the Russian Civil War
        -> Did NOT recognise Soviet Union until 1933, and only allowed them to join the League of Nations (LON) in 1934
      - Soviet Union
        (Authoritarian & Communist)
        
        VISION:
        -> To incite (stir up) world revolution and DESTROY capitalism through class struggle
        -> To create a world where ALL people are EQUAL
        
        AS A RESULT:
        -> Became Communist in 1917 (was the root of the reason)
        -> Saw USA's actions as a threat to the survival of communism and Russia
        -> Founded Communist Internation (Comintern), aimed at creating an international Soviet Republic by ALL means, including FORCE (would use force if they had to)
  - - - -> With German as their COMMON ENEMY, Britain, USA and the Soviet Union formed an alliance
        -> The British was fighting Germany on the WESTERN front while the Soviet Union was fighting Germany on the EASTERN front
      - -> The Germans had REDIRECTED a large amount of their resources to fight the Soviet Union on the eastern front
        -> The Soviet Union was under a lot of pressure from the attacks and growing WEAK
        -> The Soviet Union sought help from the Allies to relieve the pressure by opening up a SECOND FRONT in France
        -> The Allies continued to provide ECONOMIC AID and MILITARY SUPPLIES but it was not until June 1944 that a second front was opened with the D-Day Landings in Normandy, France
        -> The Soviet Union thought that the delay to open the second front was ON PURPOSE, that USA and Britain wanted the Soviet Union to bcome weak (misunderstanding caused)
    - - Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)
        
        -> Refine (made minor changes to) the Atlantic Charter (August 1941), signed between USA and Britain
        -> To decide on the FINAL strategies against the Nazis
        -> Arrangements for POST-WAR Europe (disbanded the LON and came up with the United Nations)
        -> Formation of the United Nations (UN)
        -> DISAGREED about Poland, Germany and Europe (miscommunication and misunderstandings among USA + Britain and USSR)
        
        AIMS OF THE 3 LEADERS:
        
        Stalin (Soviet Union)
        -> wanted the future and SECURITY of the Soviet Union
        
        Churchill (Britain)
        -> to have a CLOSE relationship with the USA to DETER the rise of the Soviet Union (stop communism)
        
        Roosevelt (USA)
        -> needed the Soviets help to fight Japan and END the war in Asia-Pacific
        -> as such, he made many CONCESSIONS to Stalin (accepted Stalin's demands)
        
        SIGNIFICANT AGREEMENTS AT YALTA:
        -> The establishment of the United Nations (UN)
        -> Divided Germany, Austria and Berlin into temporary zones of occupation
        -> FREE elections in Eastern Europe (Red Army were present)
        -> The Soviet Union was to join war against Japan, in return for receiving some of Japan's ISLANDS in the Far East
      - Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
        
        -> Between the Yalta and Potsdam Conference, the relations between the Soviet Union and the Western powers WORSENED
        -> Instead of free elections in Poland, Stalin arrested the NON-COMMUNIST leaders and set up a communist government in Poland (did not keep to his agreement)
        -> USA by then had also developed and tested the FIRST atomic bomb, and they NO LONGER needed Soviet Union's help against Japan (Manhattan Project)
        -> Stalin insisted that there should be NO GOVERNMENT in Eastern Europe HOSTILE to the Soviet Union
        
        GERMANY:
        -> Was to be MILITARISED and all Nazi influence REMOVED
        -> To be divided into 4 TEMPORARY ZONES of occupation
        -> It was to be administrated by the Allied Control Council compromising of the Soviet Union, USA, Britain and France, until the FORMATION of a NEW Germany would no longer THREATEN the peace of Europe (temporary arrangement)
    - - -> The Americans had been SECRETLY developing the atomic bomb
        -> When the Soviet Union found out, they were SUSPICIOUS about USA's intentions for the bomb
        -> Truman wanted to use the bomb to GAIN POLITICAL LEVERAGE against the Soviet Union when the A-bomb was successfully tested on 16 July 1945 (wanted to scare the USSR)
        -> The Soviet Union chose to enter into a ARMS RACE with America
  - - - -> After World War 2, Europe was POLITICALLY and ECONOMICALLY DEVASTATED. They were not able to REBUILD themselves without external help
        -> There was a POWER VACCUM for the USA and USSR to fill
        -> Both countries wanted political and economic influence over Europe through RECONSTRUCTING the countries devasted by World War 2
        (COMPETITION --> WORSENING RELATIONS)
    - - USA:
        -> Feared that the Soviet Union would stir up COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS and establish communist governments in Europe
        -> The USA would LOSE trading markets
        -> USA would also have to deal with countries that OPPOSED its ideology
        Soviet Union:
        -> Feared for its OWN SECURITY and survival if it was surrounded with anti-communist, capitalist countries in Europe
      - -> Stalin began establishing a RING OF SATELLITE STATES round the Soviet Union through the use of 'SALAMI TACTICS'
        -> This was a DEFENSIVE measure to STRENGTHEN the security of the Soviet Union
        -> But the USA saw this as an AGGRESSIVE plan to EXPAND communist influence (spread comunist influence)
    - - Cominform
        
        COMMUNIST INFORMATION BUREAU:
        -> Economic aid was offered to the STATELLITE STATES to tighten control
        -> The states were to implement SOVIET-STYLE communism
        -> Trade was only to be done with COMINFORM members
      - Comecon
        
        COUNCIL OF MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE:
        -> Was set up to coordinate Cominform's economic politics
        -> United the economies of Eastern Europe and Soviet Union so as to help each other RECOVER from the war
        -> However, the Soviet Union was NOT ABLE to offer aid on a SIMILAR SCALE to the Marshall Plan
        -> The arrangements also tended to DISADVANTAGE the satellite states and profit the Soviet Union
    - - Conflict between capitalism and communism
        
        -> Stalin made a speech in 1946 about the INHERENT CONFLICT between capitalism and communism
        -> Churchill responded with the 'IRON CURTAIN' speech in 1946
        -> The speech influenced how the world viewed Europe as a CONTINENT SPLIT between 2 OPPOSING IDEOLOGIES and SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
        -> USA responded with the Containment Policy which involves FIRM and VIGILANT containment of Soviet EXPANSIONIST TENDENCIES, and this was perceived by the Soviet Union as AGGRESSIVE
      - USA Containment Policy
        
        Financial (Reaction)
        
        TRUMAN DOCTORINE & MARSHALL PLAN IN 1947
        -> The Truman Doctrine was to render (give) ECONOMIC assistance to GREECE AND TRUKEY where communism was gaining influence.
        -> The Marshall Plan was to GRANT aid to ALL countries in Europe
        
        Military (Reaction)
        
        NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO):
        -> The American-European alliance to CURB the spread of communism where member states agreed to come to each other's defence if they were under attack
      - Soviet Union Reactions
        
        Financial (Reaction)
        
        COMINFORM (1947) & COMECON (1949):
        -> Cominform was set up to UNITE the Communist states in Europe and Comecon was to set up to CORRDINATE Cominform economic policies
        
        Military (Reaction)
        
        WARSAW PACT:
        -> Formed by Soviet Union where member countries would DEFEND each other when under attack