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1.20.2.10 - Pulmonary Parasites - Coggle Diagram
1.20.2.10 - Pulmonary Parasites
taxonomy
phylum (nemathelminths)
class (nematoda)
different taxonomies for ruminants, horses and pigs
different families and superfamilies of lungworms
lungworm in ruminants, equids and pigs
residing tissue for adults are lungs
dictyocaulus
spp.
adult lungworms live in the trachea and bronchi causing parasitic bronchitis (husk)
deposition of eggs/newly hatched larvae may lead to parasitic pneumonia
male lungworm has a copulatory bursa
in animals
D. filaria
(sheep and goats)
D. arnfeldi
(donkeys and horses)
D. viviparus
(cattle camelids, deer)
lifecycle of cattle lungworm
usually seen on permanent pastures used for seasonal grazing
widespread throughout the world
exposed cattle develp rapid immunity
dormancy of larval stage in adult cattle
L3 larvae (third stage) may overwinter in enough number to cause disease next spring
numbers need to be high enough
conditions need to be favourable
detection on cattle lungworm
histology
eosionphilia
eosinophils fill collapsed alveoli
parasitic pneumonia
emphysemic lung
ELISA test for antibodies in lungs
post-mortem (detection of adult worms in lungs)
can see adults in bronchi
bovine lungworm clinical signs
moderate infection
frequenet coughing at rest
tachypnoea (40-60/min)
diaphragmatic lobes, squeaks and crackles
more other signs
severe infection
deep harsh cough
severe tachypnoea (>80/min)
pronounced squeaks and crackles on auscultation
respiratory distress, gasping for air with head and neck outstretched, salivation, loss of appetite, fever
mild infection
normal resp rate
normal lung auscultation, occasional squeaks
intermittent coughing, pronounced on exercise
no other signs
increase in cattle lungworm
anthelmintic treatment
vaccine
increased reliance on anthemintic instead of vaccination
comprises the build up on immunological responses (even in vacinated animals)
survival of L3 on pasture may have improved due to climate change
warmer&wetter spring and summer
dictyocaulus arnfieldi
adult D. arnfieldi in donkeys found in small bornchi
horses - not patent, very few eggs in faeces
infection in donkeys has pre-patent period of 13 weeks
clinical signs not responding to certain drugs
hosrses are more infected when kept with donkeys
tracheal wash may reveal worms and large numbers of eosinophils
lung parasite of horses/donkeys
some clinical signs
treatments is ivermectin or fenbendazole
companion animals
residing tissue for adults is lungs
Angiostrongylus
vasorum
sometimes called heartworms
NOT a heart worm
indirect life cycle
dog is final host
slug/snail is intermediate host
endemic on parts of the UK
numbers are increasing
clinical signs
adult antigens
complement activation
immune infiltrate in lungs and other tissues
Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex deposition in many tissues)
egg deposition
pulomary inflammation/granuloma
pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction
radiography
interstitial pulmonary pattering
shift of heart axis to left, suggesting right ventricular enlargement
diagnosis
larvae in BAL fluid
radiograph of lung
larvae in faeces
non-true lungworms
adult worms reside in the intestine
non true lunworms
only have a lung phase during migration and the residing tissue for adults is not the lung, usually the intestine
Ascaris suum
in pigs
Toxocara canis
larval migrans in humans
ocular larva migrans (migration through eye)
cutaneous larva migrans (migration through skin)
visceral larva migrans (migration though organs)