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Wk 2 Methods - Coggle Diagram

- - - - finding a thread of continuity / consistency
      - form personality theories
      - inspired Carl Jung's 8 personality types
    - - potential distortion of memories by the relationship between consciousness and memories
      - faulty eyewitness testimonies responsible for 75% of DNA exoneration cases
  - - - potential misinterpretations of other person's thoughts and feelings
    - - lead to theories about others' personalities
        
        Eg. Coolness = stylish, sociable
  - - - long periods of observation
        (even shadowing)
      - unstructured interviews
      - in depth study of 1 person
      - scale measures
    - - shadowing can influence subject's behaviour
      - specificity ≠ generalisablity
      - in-depth; rich in detail
      - applicable to normal life as findings are made in naturalistic settings
      - labour intensive
      - unable to assess relationships between variables as that requires a range of values (provided by larger sample size)
  - - - mood states
      - behaviours and
        lived experiences
    - - avoid memory distortion associated with recalling events far back in time
      - People still face difficulties accurately recalling events hours later
      - Idiographic
        
        focus on the individuality and distinctiveness of the individual
        
        collects in-depth information about an individual over a long period of time
        
        able to analyse data to find patterns across situations and time
    - - prompts issued through cell phone signal
      - varying frequencies of reports
    - - theory formulated through data collected from experience sampling
      - people oscillate between loss oriented and restoration oriented coping styles during grief
- - - - High validity
    - - Multipoint rating scales
      - true-false formats
      - Focus on single personality aspect or multiple personality dimensions (inventory)
    - - Response Sets
        
        Acquiescence
        
        tendency to agree or say "yes"
        
        most apparent in questions with 2 options only
        
        unable to determine whether high scores are from personality or acquiescence
        
        Solution
        
        Phrase questions such that agreeing in half and disagreeing in the other half reflects same end of personality dimension
        
        negatively worded items found to be harder to understand and answer than positively worded items
        
        Social Desirability
        
        desire to portray themselves in socially desirable manner
        
        Solutions
        
        phrasing undesirable responses in more socially acceptable ways
        
        include questions that assess concern about social desirability
        
        scores reflect response set instead of personalities
- - - - Statistical
        Significance
        
        p-value less than .05
      - Clinical
        Significance
        
        basically effect size
        
        large enough to have practical implications for real life
      - Limitations
        
        Correlation does not equal causation
        
        Directionality
        
        Third variable problem
      - studies groups that occur due to
        naturally occuring differences
    - - Defining
        Features
        
        Manipulating IV
        
        creating existence of at least 2 levels of a variable through manipulation
        
        Experimental
        Control
        
        degree to which experimenter can keep other variables constant
        
        high experimental control crucial to experimental studies
        
        Random
        Assignment
        
        randomly allocating participants to one of 2 levels of the IV
        
        assumption that with large enough sample size uncontrollable variables due to individual differences are balanced out
      - Limitations
        
        cannot pinpoint aspect of the manipulation responsible
        
        manipulation caused outcome in a way not expected
        
        limit to event duration where
        experimental control can be exerted
        
        some experimental manipulations are unethical
        (eg. cancer)
- - - - consistency within a set of questions on ability to measure same construct
      - Split-half Reliability
        
        Split up items into two halves (odd and even)
        
        Measure correlation of total scores for both halves
      - for self-reports
    - - for observations
      - consistency in judgements made by different raters
    - - consistency across time
      - important as personality implies a sense of stability
- - - - degree to which operational definition (measurement) matches conceptual definition (abstract quality)
      - other validities help establish this
    - - degree to which a measurement correlates with another criterion (standards of comparison)
      - usually use gold standard
        
        Practical Tests (gold standard)
        & Paper Tests
      - key to construct validity
    - - degree to which measure correlates with other measures of same or related constructs
    - - opposite of convergent validity
      - can be enhanced using IRT
- - - - :one: starts from theoretical basis on personality aspect
        
        :two: develop test that reflects personality aspect in answers
        
        How to measure?
        
        :three: Test needs :chart_with_upwards_trend: reliability, ability to predict behavioural criteria and :chart_with_upwards_trend: construct validity
        
        What to measure?
    - - high face validity
  - - - :one: Starts from data
        
        :two: Determining personality qualities in existence from data
        
        :two: Identify questions answered differently by criterion group
        
        :three: Formulate test based on questions that distinguish groups
        
        goal of categorising people
        
        Criterion Keying
        
        underlying method for the MMPI and MMPI-2