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Does music impact our emotions? - Coggle Diagram
Does music impact our emotions
?
Research Design Type
Experimental:
Experimenter in control to set the variables in what variables will be manipulated
Observational:
Assumptions from observations (see)
Qualitative:
Questions (asking people how they are feeling)
Factors Impacting -
Potential variables/problems
Volume of music for each participant
Length of listening
Environment (ethical issue)
Lyrics (violent lyrics can increase heart rate)
Different quality of earphones (equipment)
Time of day (some people can be morning people etc.)
Prefer type of music or not
Environment beforehand based on events (out of control variable)
Hear frequency the same
Moved body or thoughts increases heart rate (out of controlled variable)
Feelings before experiment (unaware question was not asked)
Some participants may like the type of genre of music they are listening to, whereas some may not which can affect the data.
Some personality differences, such as temperament, will influence the optimal arousal level.
Individual differences also influence where the optimal level of arousal is.
Independent
Genre of music
Each group will be given a playlist of the chosen genre to listen to as each genre effects emotional response in different ways.
Heavy rock
Heavy rock positively affects individuals psychological response as it regulates their mood, evoking adrenaline due to their powerful and intense vocals.
Jazz
Studies claim that due to jazz music using very encouraging melodies, it leads to heightened cognitive engagement with strikes a sense of spontaneity and creativity amongst individuals.
Pop
Pop music effects emotions by using catchy and relatable lyrics with rhythmic patterns that resonate with listeners to evoke feelings of nostalgia, joy and connection.
Classical
Classical music evokes a wide range of emotions in listeners due to its intricate melodies. Studies show that it helps with pressure and good when studying as it easies ones mind.
Factors impacting heart rate
Gender
Exercise
Feelings beforehand
Age
Blood pressure
Any substances beforehand
Eat/drink beforehand
Potential problems for research designs (Advantages & Disadvantages)
Observational
Advantage: Observational
The researcher observes people to see how they would naturally act or response in situations. Relatively quick, inexpensive, easy to undertake and the study size can be much larger.
Disadvantage: Observational
Many uncontrolled external variables can affect data without the researches knowledge. Unable to see if past experiences or factors can impact their emotions. Informational bias (inaccurate assesment the outcome).
Experimental
Advantage: Experimental
An advantage to having an experimental design type is that the experiment can be manipulated to suit the aim of the investigation in the best way possible. Researches have a high level of control as they can change, manipulate and eliminate anything they want when creating and ding the experiment.
Disadvantage: Experimental**
A disadvantage would be that because it is manipulated, it isn't raw data because of the manipulation the results could be different if it was observed (ethical implications). Time consuming as you first have to find the groups, set up testing environment and create the material they have to engage to. Control over the extraneous variables may lad to bias of the researcher.
Qualitative
Advantage: Qualitative
Allows participants to scale, rate or describe their own unique experiments throughout the experiment. Able to track things such as attitudes correlated with emotion or music.
Disadvantage: Qualitative
Process is very time-consuming, the interpretations are limited and lack of privacy. Interpretations are limited as the results are based upon personal perception. Some individuals may be influenced by those around them.
Dependent Variable (Measure used)
To investigate how different music genres (Classical, Pop, Jazz, Heavy Rock) influence emotional responses and changes in participants.
Subjective Quantitative:
Data based on personal opinions and perceptions. Emotion scale to measure or rate themselves.
Objective Quantitative:
Data base on factual or measurable observations.
Qualitative
: Nonnumerical data. Can be extracted through audio recordings, interview transcripts, photographs, video documents etc.
Sample size
Population:
Whole group (250)
Socio-economic:
Financial status
Sample size:
250 participants from the University of South Australia, evenly divided into five groups of 50 participants each
Group 1: Classical
Group 2: Pop
Group 3: Jazz
Group 4: Heavy rock
Group 5: Controlled group. This group will not listen to any music and take a cognitive test in order to compare results
Random:
Equal chance of being selected
Potential problems
Does not apply to everybody in sociological concepts
Some individuals may not want to admit to doing illegal things
Extraneous Variables
Participant variables
: Age, gender, emotional state beforehand, moving body, thoughts, education.
Psychological traits:
Personality and cognitive capabilities.
Physiological traits:
Brain function, blood pressure and heart rate.
The emotional state beforehand was not recalled. If a participant is feeling an aggressive emotional state before the experiment is conducted, the music isn't affecting the heart rate as much, as how they are feeling which can affect the data. Participants moving there body such as itching a face or the smallest thing can impact the results as well as thoughts the participant is thinking can increase heart rate without realizing.
Situational variables
: Lighting, time of day, temperature, location, presence of others.
Situational variables are factors in the environment that can affect or even change the results of the study. It can change the behaviors of the participants because of the influence of factors. When conducting research, the time of day is crucial as it ensures the best results are obtained. If this experiment was conducted at the end of the day, the participants can feel less energized and not in the best state of mind. The lighting of the room is also important as if the room is dark, the mind will release hormones that makes participants sleepy, effecting the participants heart rate. Environmental distractions an hinder their engagement and force their brain to trail off and focus on something else outside the experiment.
Constant Variables:
Time experiment was conducted and method for participation selection per group
A constant variable is something that is the same during an experiment. Examples of these are sample volume, pressure and temperature. These factors can increase the validity an accuracy of an experiment.
Strengths
The type of experiment being conducted should stay the same as the strength in that is that the final data is being obtained is comparable and a final conclusion can be made
Limitations
.
All extraneous variables that exist can not be controlled which decreases the validity of the results
Ethical Considerations (IVCRADD)
Informed consent
Informed consent is crucial in any experiment as of this one as it is important for the participants to be aware of what they are partaking in. They should be aware of the purpose of the research, procedures to be undertaken, potential risks and benefits of participation and expected duration of the research.
Voluntary participation
All participants are not encouraged to participate, the choice is up to them without adding any pressure or coercion. All participants do not need to provide reasoning for leaving the study.
Confidentiality
The experiment should be randomized to ensure that the participants identify, personal information, responses etc. will not be disclosed to anyone out of the research team, unless it is agreed upon.
Right to with draw
All participants who initially agree to participate in the study has the right to withdraw at any moment and the right to refuse to answer any particular questions or participate in a particular set of procedures.
Accurate reporting
Accurate reporting is crucial in any experiment to ensure the data is not manipulated in any shape or form. Its important in order to get the most reliable results in a scientific inquiry.
Debrief
Debriefing is very important when conducting an experiment. The participants should have the right to know as much as possible about the experiment they consented to. They must know the aim of the researches and the purpose of it being done. Prior to the experiment is conducted, an overview should be given about emotions and why understanding the effects for music have on emotions is important.
Deception
Deception is used when a researcher gives false information to subjects to intentionally mislead them about key aspects of the research. The researcher should inform the participants prior that they may be deceived during the experiment. This is so the participants alter their behavior based on what the participants believes they are expected to do or say. It prevents the participants from knowing what the expected outcome of the experiment is.
Other areas of interest for research?
6 basic types of emotions
Happiness
Sadness
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Surprise
Emotion
Personal experience that involves a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and expressive behaviors
Influences thoughts
Experiencing an emotion triggers a physical response in our bodies even if were not aware
Elements of emotions
Subjective feelings (personal experience of an emotion)
Expressive behaviors (any action or interaction consciously or unconsciously communicating emotions)
Physiological responses (an automatic reaction that triggers a psychical response to a stimulus)
Calm and upbeat music effect
Happy, upbeat music causes our brains to product chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin, which evokes feelings of joy whereas calming music relaxes the mind and the body.
Controlled Variables
The ages of the participants, University of South Australia students, type of test being conducted, time experiment was conducted and method for participation selection per group
Representation
Strengths
The sample size is big enough for the experiment so the data can be analyzed to draw conclusions and determine accurate percentages
Data will be manipulated so it is not bias
Minimize cost on difficulty
Accessible
Allows a broader population generalization
Limitations
Other age groups are not taken into account, the age window is very limited.
University students are usually high socioeconomic status which may not be accurate to generalize when data is limited in this way.