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LAB Ws - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 60dB-normal conversation level
      - 80dB- long exposure can cause hearing loss(damage to ears)
        
        Induced hearing loss
        
        Higher pitch harder to hear compared to lower pitch
        
        Often hear people mumbling
        
        The sounds, "th","ch","s","sh" are hard to differentiate
        
        The degree of hearing loss is the same in both hears
        
        equivalent sound pressure
        
        the level of constant sound that can cause same hearing damage as a varying sound
      - 125dB(pain occurs in ears, avoid any exposure
    - - Eliminate
        
        Substitution
        
        Engineering
        
        Adminsitrative
        
        PPE
        
        Ear bands/plugs (25-30dB)
        
        Ear muffs(additional 10-15 dB)
        
        workers exposed to over the limit will be placed at an area with noise less than what they were exposed to for the rest of the day
        
        run machine at not its full capacity
        
        conduct noisy process at a time when the number of workers is at a minimum or at night
        
        noise barriers
        
        noise enclosure(15dB)
        
        Noise panel(10dB)
        
        Noise curtain(5dB)
        
        modify noise source
        
        reduce vibration
        
        reduce driving force
        
        2 more items...
        
        reduce response
        
        2 more items...
        
        reduce surface area of work surface
        
        reduce velocity and turbulance
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sub noisy to less noisy process
        
        Completely remove noisy process
        
        difficult due to technical constraints
      - reduce noise level
      - 2.reduce exposure to noise
  - - - Keep everything within easy reach
        
        Long stretch can strain the body
        
        ensure frequently used items is placed at areas that are easy to reach
      - work at proper posture
        
        Mismatch heights between worker and workbench can cause awkward and contorted positions which can cause fatigue
        
        Adjust table or chair to a comfortable height
      - Work at proper posture
        
        Awkward and contorted posture can increase physical stress and reduce strength
        
        Sit in an upright position which follows the natural S curve of the spinal column, do not twist body or neck for extended periods of time, avoid forward head position
      - Minimie fatigue
        
        Do not overload a person's capacity and watch out for static load
        
        Take breaks and stretch body from time to time
      - Reduce excessive force
        
        Unnecessary and excessive force can cause fatigue and injury
        
        Use leg musle to lift load, ask for help, use tools
        
        Proper way to lift load
        
        Crouch lift
        
        centre yourself over the load, feet shoulder width apart
        
        Squat down,with back in its natural arch, kneel down if more comfortable
        
        Hold the load firmly with both hands, place load closely to your body, use leg for support if more comfortable
        
        not stoop lift
        
        do not use back muscles
        
        Do not pick up load that is far away from you
      - Reduce excessive motion
        
        Repeated and excessive movement can increase wear and tear in the body
        
        use tools, ask for help, place important and frequent items near the workbench to minimise movement
      - Provide clearance and acess
        
        Design a workplace with enough space and minimise obstructions between you and items used to accomplish tasks
      - Minimise contact stress
        
        When body part is in contact with a sharp/hard surface for extended period of time which cause nerve damage and inhibit blood circulation
        
        Mouse wrists syndrome (use arm rest, wrists rest, my rest, mr guo ren massage chair rest)
      - Provide mobility and change of posture
        
        do not stay in the same posture throughout the day
        
        Stretch body or change posture from time to time
      - Maintain a comfortable environment
        
        work in a comfortable lighting(not too dark or too bright)
        
        Avoid working in extreme temperatures or excessive noise
        
        Spend a good quality of LED light
    - - Adjustable chair
      - Monitor is at arms length away
      - Eye is levelled at upper part of the monitor
      - Lower back is supported by chair or table
      - Sit in an upright position, head is aligned to torso
      - Minimise bend at wrists
      - Minimise obstructions below desk to allow postural change
    - - Aching feet, blisters, calluses, corns, strains and sprains, malformation of toes, fallen arches(flat feet)
        
        Occur from
        
        wrong type of foot wear
        
        Misfit footwear
        
        Hard flooring
        
        Long period of standing
        
        Solutions
        
        Anti-fatigue mat (provides cushion to feet)
        
        Steel-toed safety boots
        
        Wear shoes that fits and are comfortable
  - - - rough/ moving/ fast moving smooth surface
      - cause laceration wound
    - - Safety presence devices
        
        Safety mat
        
        contains pressure sensoring device
        
        When weight is applied, it is detected and the switch closes and signal to shut down machine
        
        Safety camera
        
        Monitors surrounding of hazardous areas
        
        Hazardous
        
        Warning
        
        If person steps in warning area, the camera detects and system sends an alarm and slow/shut down machine
        
        Emergency stop
        
        for dangerous/imment incidents
        
        Press the button and the power source will be turned off, thus preventing to harm the worker any further
        
        Must be resetted in order for norma procedures to occur
        
        2-handed control device
        
        worker must use both hands to use device in order for machine to operate(prevent operator wandering hand to enter machine)
      - Machine guards
        
        Rigid physical barriers that enclose dangerous areas or restrict operator to dangerous areas
        
        Fixed(permanent fixed there)
        
        Adjustable(can change dimension of where guard is used)
        
        Interlocking( when position of guard is moved, the machine will not operate)
    - - Announce lockdown
        
        Notify workers of lockdwn procedure to occur
      - Commence lockdown
        
        Procede with normal shut down procedure
      - Isolate energy source
        
        Isolate all energy sources with energy isolation device
        
        ensure any stored energy is being dissipated
      - Apply lock out, tag out
        
        Lock up isolation device
        
        ensure lock is strong and durable to avoid breaking it easily
        
        Affix lock with double tag of the identities of people doing the lockout(2 different tag because safer)
        
        Warning that an activity involving machinism is going to occur
      - Verify isolation and tag out
        
        Turn on operator of machine, check if machine can still run
        
        If canot run, means lock out is sucessful and tun off operator and can start maintainence work
  - - - Wear electrical insulated gloves
      - Ensure hands and work surface is dry before commencing electrical work
      - Place rubber mat below metal ladder to stop current flow
    - - Reversed polarity
        
        when wiring of live and neutral wire is reversed
        
        Machine can still operate even when switch is turned off
        
        can cause shock hazard without melting the fuse
      - Earth wire
        
        Without earth wire, when short circuit occurs, current cannot flow to ground but will flow to operator when he touch the equipment (#complete circuit)
      - Improper wiring of cord gripper
      - short circuit
        
        The unintentional low resistance between 2 electrical points in an electrical circuit which can bypass the normal load or intended pathway
        
        Occurs when
        
        exposed live wire touches neutral wire before current can flow to the equipment
        
        When exposed live wire touches the metal casing of equipment causing current to flow to the earth wire to reach the earth
        
        Causes
        
        damage to power source
        
        fire and explosion
        
        Electroceution and electric shock hazard
  - - - Fuel
        
        solid(textile, plastic, paper, dust, sugar, flour, metal)
        
        Liquid(petrol,diesel,cleaning agents, solvents, alcohols)
        
        Gas( hydrogen, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas)
      - Oxidiser
        
        Oxygen and oxidising agents
      - Ignition source
        
        Wielding arcs, hot surfaces, lighted cigarettes, static electricity, electrical equipment, open flame, frictional sparks
    - - The minimum temperature in which sufficient vapours is given off and mixed with air to sustain ignition when ignition source is present (which cann be indirect)
      - flammable liquid
        
        easily ignite as it can give off vapours easily and mixed with air to start or sustain a fire(very low flash point)
      - Combustible liquid
        
        capable of ignition but requires a higher temperature than flammable liquid
    - - aka explosive limit
      - Shows the minimum and maximum concentrations of vapour required in order to ignite a fire
        
        Above UFL
        
        Too rich to ignite(gas pushes O2 away, thus cannot ignite due to insufficient O2
        
        Below LFL
        
        Too diluted to ignite(insufficient fuel to burn)
    - - A(flammable solid)
        
        Water fire extinguisher
        
        Cooling effect->reduce heat and decrease the temperature to a point that it cannot sustain ignition
        
        Pros
        
        Easy to refill
        
        High fire extinguishing capacity by reducing specific heat and latent heat of vaporisation
        
        Cons
        
        Conductive-cannot be used for electrical fires(cause damage to electrical equipment and electric shock hazard)
        
        Cannot be used for B and C fires as water is denser than oil and gas thus cannot form a layer on top of combustible material and cut off O2 supply
        
        Cannot be used for fire involving combustible metals as the metals can react violently with water and cause an explosion
        
        Dry powder/chemical fire extinguisher
        
        Common ingredients is monoammonium, sodium and phosphate bicarbonate
        
        forms a physical barrier(crust), covering the combustible material to prevent spread of fire and cut off O2 supply to insufficient oxygen to sustain fire (blanket effect)
        
        Pros
        
        Fast fire extinguishing ability
        
        versatile
        
        Forms a screen between person and flame and thus person can go nearer to fire, more effective fire-fighting
        
        Cons
        
        Breathing in powder can cause health problems
        
        Corrosive and stick residue which can damage electrical equipment, difficult to clean
      - B(flammable liquid)
        
        Foam fire extinguisher
        
        Contains a surfactant that generates water based foams that(blanket effect and minor cooling effect)
        
        Pros
        
        Higher fire extinguishing ability than water
        
        useful for oil based fires as foam can float to the top of the oil and form a barrier, cutting off O2 supply to a point where there is insufficient O2 to sustain a fire
        
        Cons
        
        Common-aqueous film-foaming foam that contains fluorine compounds, causing environmental and health hazards
        
        Not suitable for electrical fires as foam contains water which can damage electrical equipment
        
        Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
        
        Reduce oxygen by dilution or displacement, reducing oxygen supply to a point that it cannot sustain ignition
        
        Cooling effect-> discharged and boils vapours and reduce heat to below ignition temperature
        
        Pros
        
        Inert gas, non conductive and no residue-> suitable for electrical fires
        
        Can spread over fire and extinguish them
        
        can be easily liquefied and bottled under pressure for long periods of time
        
        Cons
        
        Low cooling effect and short fire extinguishing ability(not suitable for big fires) not economical for type A fires
        
        When leaked, can cause asphyxiating environment
        
        Short range(need to go near fire to extinguish it)
      - C(flammable gas)
      - D(combustible metals)
      - F(cooking appliances)
    - - VICES
        
        Ventilation
        
        Good ventilation allows rapid dispersion of dangerous vapours from leak, spill or by any process
        
        Such that vapour concentration is not within flame limit range to ignite
        
        Local exhaust ventilation systems, install fans
        
        Ignition source
        
        Remove all ignition source when handling flammable substances, especially during handling and storage .
        
        This helps to break fire triangle
        
        Containment
        
        Contain fire substances or its spills in a suitable manner
        
        Use of lidded containment or spillage trays allows to prevent further spread of spillages. Helps to prevent accident spillages or leaks which gives off flammable vapour
        
        Exchange
        
        Eliminate-Completely remove flammable process
        
        Substitute-Substitute a flammable substance to a less flammable substance
        
        or consider other ways to make job more safely (engineering, administrative or PPE)
      - Separation
        
        Separate flammable substances or processes with a wall, containment, physical barrier, practitions
        
        E.g storage of flammable materials should be further than general storage
- - - - Written clearly as a first aid box
      - Ensure that all items are there and are useable (adequately stocked)
      - Location
        
        there is a first aid box in every level of the building (and are sufficient)
        
        placed in a well-lit accessible place
        
        Be under charged of the occupier of the workplace
      - regularly maintained
- - - - Discuss observations and findings
      - Report any deficiencies of measures
      - Opinions
      - Recommeded measures
    - - conduct inspection and investigation
- - - - e.g mental well-being from being exposed to any workplace activities, terrorism threats and disease outbreak
  - - - Form team
        
        Multidisciplinery, includes personnel from all workplace functions and all levels of participation of work activitues
        
        Risk management-controls the overall direction of work activities
        
        Risk assessment- conduct risk assessment based on scope defined by RM
        
        SGSECURE representative-control terror threats
        
        employer, principal and self-employed
      - Understand workplace processes and the activities
        
        conduct more effective risk assessment
    - - To identify hazards and implement effective control measures to prevent escalation of serious accidents
        
        Job Safety analysis
        
        The process of identifying hazards, evaluating the hazards and developing solutions to eliminate or control each of the dangers in work activities in workplace
        
        Job selection
        
        based on the job factors
        
        Frequency of past incidents
        
        Severity of past incidents
        
        High incident potential
        
        4.Infrequent/new jobs
        
        Job breakdown
        
        cannot be too general or too detailed
        
        Identify hazards
        
        Types of hazards
        
        electrical
        
        Physical
        
        Chemical
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mechnical
        
        Biological
        
        Psychosocial
        
        1 more item...
        
        Risk evaluation
        
        Risk-the likelihood of the hazard to occur which causes injuries to worker or damage to property or both
        
        Evaluate risks using 5x5 matrix
        
        2 more items...
        
        commisioner can determine the format of risk assessment
      - Hazard-source of a situation that causes potential harm to a person or cause damage to property
    - - results of RA to be approved and endorsed by the top management
      - Employer to implemented measures asap
      - Implement action plan
        
        The timeline for measures to be implemented
        
        specify the roles and responsibilities of those involved
      - safe work practises
      - should prioritise eliminate hazard
        
        If cannot must control hazard by following hiearchy
    - - to be kept for at least less than 3 years
      - Includes: results of risk assessment, safe work practises and measures taken or to be taken
        
        Submit a subparagraph to commisioner if he needs it from time to time
    - - Update risk assessment if
        
        safe work practises
        
        if work procedure/ practises has changed
        
        refer to identify hazards risk evaluation and control risks
        
        Risk evaluation
        
        process of estimating severity of risks and its acceptability
        
        if incident happen which causes harm to worker
        
        If new health and safety hazards arises
    - - important to communicate to stakeholders in every step of the process
        
        Inform workers if there are new changes to safe work practises or the new measures implemented
        
        To provide clarifications of the work procedures, risks, measures implemented or perceptions
        
        Helps management to make informed decisions
        
        Due to knowledge of the risks and thus implement effective control measures