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African - American leaders and organisations were the main cause for…

- - - - 25th of March 1965
      - A 5 day, 54 mile jounrey from Selma to Mongomery where the SCLS and SNCC were campaigning for voting rights
      - “There never was a moment in American history more honorable and more inspiring than the pilgrimage of clergymen and laymen of every race and faith pouring into Selma to face danger at the side of its embattled Negroes” (King, Address at the Conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March, 121).
      - chosen to focus its efforts in Selma because they anticipated that the notorious brutality of local law enforcement under Sheriff Jim Clark would attract national attention and pressure President Lyndon B. Johnson and Congress to enact new national voting rights legislation.
      - The marchers made their way through Selma across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where they faced a blockade of state troopers and local lawmen commanded by Clark and Major John Cloud On March 7th in retaliation to Jimmie lee Jacksons death after he tried to save his mother and was attacked by a state trooper.
      - the troopers attacked the crowd with clubs and tear gas. Mounted police chased retreating marchers and continued to beat them. This was then known as bloody Sunday.
      - King made many public statements and telegrams “calling on religious leaders from all over the nation to join us on Tuesday in our peaceful, nonviolent march for freedom” (King, 7 March 1965).
      - He led more than 2,000 marchers, including hundreds of clergy who had answered King’s call on short notice, to the site of Sunday’s attack, then stopped and asked them to kneel and pray on March 9th, After their prayers they turned the march back to Selma as to not have anymore further confrontation.
      - “Americans everywhere join in deploring the brutality with which a number of Negro citizens of Alabama were treated when they sought to dramatize their deep and sincere interest in attaining the precious right to vote” (Johnson, “Statement by the President”).
      - James Reeb was then attacked and murdered on March 9th for showing his support in the marches which called for more attention and national concern over the situation in Alabama.
      - “Their cause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome” (Johnson, “Special Message”).
      - The march left Selma on 21st of March and it was protected by hundreds of federalized Alabama National Guardsmen and Federal Bureau of Investigation agents, the demonstrators covered between 7 to 17 miles per day.
- - - - born in a slave hut after the emancipation proclamation him and his family moved to Malden, West Virginia
      - Began work at age 9 in a Salt furnace and then in a coal mine
      - in 1872 Washington walked 500 miles to Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute where he was told he could sweep the recital room. Washington not only did this but thoroughly cleaned the room in which after the assistant principal allowed him a place in the school. He graduated in 1875 where he then returned back to Malden to teach
      - For 2 years Washington helped to teach in Malden both Sunday schools and normal education. He further studied at Wayland Seminary for 8 months
      - in 1879 he returned back to Hampton to progress as a teacher
  - - - Born into slavery July 16th 1862 to James and Lily Wells
      - James and Lily Wells along with their son died of yellow fever in the year 1878 leaving Ida to take care of her 6 siblings at the age of 16
      - Moved to Memphis after her grandmother died of a stroke and she couldn't look after Wells siblings.
      - In Memphis got a job working as a teacher in Woodstock where she would take a train journey everyday to get there
    - - September 15th 1883 Ida boarded a train with a first class ticket that would take her from Memphis to Woodstock. Whilst she sat in the compartment the conductor started checking ticket. He told Ida she muyst move from the back compartments to the front African American compartment. Ida refused and was forcibly removed from the train as a result. Ida sued the railway company a won a $500 settlement
      - in 1887 The Supreme Court overturned the ruling and ordered her to pay any court fees
  - - - born on february 23, 1868 Massachusetts to Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina. When he was two his father left his mother
      - in 1883 Du Bois started writing articles for papers such as the New York Globe and the Freeman
      - He initially attended Fisk university and after his graduation he attended Harvard university in 1888. In 1892 Du Bois was working towards a PHD at the university of Berlin until his funding ran out.
      - Du Bois received his PhD from Harvard whilst teaching Classics at Wilberforce University and was the first Black American that achieved such degree
      - "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870" was the first book and became a standard in American education covering slavery.
    - - A piece of the Atlantic Monthly
      - A ground breaking essay that explained how it felt to be a victim of racism to a white audience
      - wrote that Black Americans should instead embrace their African heritage even as they worked and lived in the US
      - published in 1897
    - - published in 1903
      - "double consciousness"
        
        it is now widely used as a theoretical framework to apply to other dynamics of inequality
    - - The official publication of the NAACP created in 1910
      - Founded in one room of the New YorkEvening Post building and he continued editing the publication until 1934
      - name adapted from James Russell Lowell's poem The Present Crisis (the poem was written at the height of the civil war)
      - Goal was to "set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today towards colored people"
      - "It will first and foremost be a newspaper: it will record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect the Negro-American. Secondly, it will be a review of opinion and literature, recording briefly books, articles, and important expressions of opinion in the white and colored press on the race problem. Thirdly, it will publish a few short articles. Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals. The magazine will be the organ of no clique or party and will avoid personal rancor of all sorts. In the absence of proof to the contrary it will assume honesty of purpose on the part of all men, North and South, white and black."
      - Du Bois used his position of power within the Crisis to draw upon the practise of lynching. In 1915 an article gave a year by year account of all the lynching's that amassed to more than 2,700
      - Through his leadership the crisis in 1920 gathered a readership of 100,000 which allowed for many new supporters for the NAACP
    - - The NAACP asked the UN to redress human rights violations the United States committed against its African American citizens.
      - October 23rd, 1947
      - Lawyers and scholars gathered facts about lynching, segregation, adn the inequality in education, housing, health care and voting rights.
      - They argued that beacuse of the racial discrimination that America waas not a good location for the United Nations
      - On December 4th 1947 the United Nations Commission on Human Rights rejected the proposal and the UN took no further action on the petition
    - - concieved in 1908
      - Designed to bring a sense of unity to the African diaspora.
      - Had to wait until 1935 to revisit the project due to lack of funds however it was disrupted due to professional battles
      - in 1962 a promise was made to complete the encyclopaedia
      - Du Bois died on August 27th 1963 and never got the time to complete the project
  - - - Born April 15th 1889 to James and Elizabeth Randolph. He was the second of two sons with his father being a travelling preacher of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
      - both him and his brother attended Cockman Institute in East Jacksonville in which Randolph excelled in literature, drama and public speaking. He was valedictorian in 1907
- - - - born on December 13th 1903, in Norfolk, Virginia
      - her grandmother served as an inspiration for her devotion to social change as she would tell stories of her life under slavery
      - her grandmother had been whipped after her refusal to marry someone the plantation owner had told her to. This defiance was an inspiration for her
      - studied at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina
      - In her studies she challenged many school policies that she felt were unfair. She graduated in 1927 as valedictorian
      - She moved after her graduation to New York where she became involved and joining in many young social activist organisations
    - - baker became the mentee of George Schuyler, a
        black journalist and black intellectual
      - George founded the YNCL in which he aimed to promote and organize black co-operatives and to educate the whole community of the financial advantages into joining a collective
      - In 1931 George promoted Ella to be the organisations executive director
      - “a revolution of black
        economic and political power.”
    - - In 1938 she joined the NAACP as an assistant field secretary and later as director of branches
      - Her work as director of the branches helped connect her with men and women in barber shops, beauty parlors, grocery stores, and churches. Showing the organisations reach to the ordinary people
      - Baker believed that the organisation power was held within the type of grassroots of organisation. She would relate to those on a personal and non-confrontational manner showing the change is for them and they can involve themselves as well.
      - Her impact was stinted beacuse she was female and those in higher positions within the organisation believd it was too much work for a woman to undertake.
      - Virginia annual membership campaign 1941
        
        John M. Tinsley, NAACP Richmond branch president and state chairman, complained that a woman could not undertake such an important and difficult job. He said it would "be too much of a hardship upon any woman to undertake.”
        
        After eleven days Tinsley changed his view on Baker saying that she was a “wonderful and outstanding quality of mixing with any group of people and trying to help solve their problem[s].”
        
        Baker believed that they could have gained more
        members if the poor and uneducated were given priority in membership drives.