Ages
excavation (n)
removing earth - covering very old objects - in the ground - discover things about the past
One full skeleton was discovered during the excavation of an Egyptian tomb.
chronological (adj)
/ˌkrɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
following the order in which a series of events happened
Give me the dates in chronological order.
/ˌeks.kəˈveɪ.ʃən/
consecutive (adj)
nostalgic (adj)
/kənˈsek.jə.tɪv/
following one after another without an interruption
We’ve had five consecutive days of rain.
= sequential - successive
imminent (adj)
/ˈɪm.ɪ.nənt/
coming or likely to happen very soon
A rain storm was imminent.
= impending
middle-aged (adj)
/ˌmɪd.əlˈeɪdʒd/
in middle age
They're a middle-aged couple, with grown-up children.
/nɒsˈtæl.dʒɪk/
feeling happy and also slightly sad when you think about things that happened in the past
Talking about our old family holidays has made me feel all nostalgic.
prehistoric (adj)
/ˌpriː.hɪˈstɒr.ɪk/
describing the period before there were written records
prehistoric man
prior (adj) to
/praɪər/
existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time
The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish.
punctual (adj)
/ˈpʌŋk.tʃu.əl/
arriving, doing something, or happening at the expected, correct time; not late
He's fairly punctual (= he usually arrives on time).
time-consuming (adj)
functional (adj)
/ˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/
designed to be practical and useful rather than attractive
futuristic (adj)
/ˌfjuː.tʃəˈrɪs.tɪk/
strange and very modern, or intended or seeming to come from some imagined time in the future
Her latest novel is a futuristic thriller, set some time in the late 21st century.
high-rise (adj)
/ˈhaɪ.raɪz/
tall, with many floors
a high-rise office building
< low-rise
innovative (adj)
/ˈɪn.ə.və.tɪv/
using new methods or ideas
She was an imaginative and innovative manager.
mass-produced (adj)
multi-storey (adj)
/ˌmʌl.tiˈstɔː.ri/
A multistorey building has several floors:
a multistorey hotel
old-fashioned (adj)
ornate
adjective
UK /ɔːˈneɪt/
having a lot of complicated decoration:
a room with an ornate ceiling and gold mirrors
prefabricated
adjective
US /priˈfæb·rɪˌkeɪ·t̬ɪd/
built from parts that have been made in a factory and can be put together quickly:
Our school is using prefabricated buildings for extra classrooms.
< single-storey , two-storey
spacious
adjective
UK /ˈspeɪ.ʃəs/
large and with a lot of space:
a spacious house/living room
state-of-the-art (adj)
modern
cutting-edge
typical
adjective
UK /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kəl/
B1 showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things:
I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera.
ultra-modern
adjective
UK /ˌʌl.trəˈmɒd.ən/
using very modern styles or ideas
Each room was decorated in a different style, ranging from Victorian to ultra-modern.
activate (v)
build=construct (v)
condemn
verb [ T ]
UK /kənˈdem/
C2 to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons
The film was condemned for its sexism.
decorate (v)
demolish (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
B2 to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else:
A number of houses were demolished so that the supermarket could be built.
design (n)
develop (n)
devise (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈvaɪz/ US /dɪˈvaɪz/
The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz.
C2 to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually using your intelligence or imagination:
haul
verb [ T ]
UK /hɔːl/ US /hɑːl/
C2 to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty:
They hauled the boat out of the water.
hoist
verb [ T ]
UK /hɔɪst/ US /hɔɪst/
to lift something heavy, sometimes using ropes or a machine:
A helicopter hoisted the final section of the bridge into place.
With some difficulty he hoisted her onto his shoulders.
invent (v)
maintain (v)
occupy (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈɒk.jə.paɪ/ US /ˈɑː.kjə.paɪ/
B2 to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time:
reconstruct (v)
renovate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈren.ə.veɪt/ US /ˈren.ə.veɪt/
= refurbish
C1 to repair and improve something, especially a building:
He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit.
support (v)
trigger (v)
to cause something to start:
Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ US /ˈtrɪɡ.ɚ/
The rest of the time was occupied with writing a report.
in time
kịp giờ trước khi quá muộn
John wants to reach home in time, to meet his aunt.
subsequently
adverb
UK /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/ US /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
He was badly injured in the crash and subsequently died.
C1 after something else:
take one's time
idiom
to not hurry:
He took his time before answering the question.
preceding
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ US /priːˈsiː.dɪŋ/
existing or happening before someone or something:
The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in the preceding decade.
lose track of time
idiom
quên thời gian
Every time Matthew goes to the library, he loses track of time.
hierarchical
adjective
UK /ˌhaɪəˈrɑː.kɪ.kəl/ US /ˌhaɪˈrɑːr.kɪ.kəl/
C2 arranged according to people's or things' level of importance, or relating to such a system:
The military has a hierarchical rank structure.
promulgate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ˈprɒm.əl.ɡeɪt/ US /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/
to spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people
The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.
rampage
verb [ I ]
UK /ræmˈpeɪdʒ/ US /ræmˈpeɪdʒ/
The demonstrators rampaged through the town, smashing windows and setting fire to cars.
to go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage:
merchant
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈmɜː.tʃənt/ US /ˈmɝː.tʃənt/
a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries:
pastoralist
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈpɑː.stər.əl.ɪst/ US /ˈpæs.tɚ.əl.ɪst/
a farmer who breeds and takes care of animals, especially in Africa and Australia
conquer
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈkɒŋ.kər/ US /ˈkɑːŋ.kɚ/
The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.
C1 to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force:
crisis
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈkrɑɪ·sɪs/
an extremely dangerous or difficult situation
cede
verb [ T ] formal
UK /siːd/ US /siːd/
to allow someone else to have or own something, especially unwillingly or because you are forced to do so:
Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium War.
territory
noun
/ˈteritəri/
lãnh thổ
forebear
noun [ C usually pl ] (also forbear)
US /ˈfɔr·beər, ˈfoʊr-/
an ancestor
relinquish
verb [ T ] formal
UK /rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ/ US /rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ/
She relinquished control of the family investments to her son.
to give up something such as a responsibility or claim
nationalism
noun [ U ] POLITICS
UK /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ /ˈnæʃ.nə.lɪ.zəm/ US /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ /ˈnæʃ.nə.lɪ.zəm/
a nation's wish and attempt to be politically independent
a great or too great love of your own country
augment
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ɔːɡˈment/ US /ɑːɡˈment/
to increase the size or value of something by adding something to it:
He would have to find work to augment his income.
evolutionary
adj - evolve
rule
verb
UK /ruːl/ US /ruːl/
B2 [ I or T ] to control or be the person in charge of something such as a country:
Most modern kings and queens rule (their countries) only in a formal way, without real power.
rune
/ruːn/
Cổ ngữ
noun
conquest
noun
UK /ˈkɒŋ.kwest/ US /ˈkɑːŋ.kwest/
[ C or U ] the act of conquering a country, area
bolster
click to edit
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈbəʊl.stər/ US /ˈboʊl.stɚ/
support = improve
span
verb
UK /spæn/ US /spæn/
spin
[ T ] -nn- to exist or continue for a particular length of time:
Tennis has a history spanning several centuries.
erode
verb [ I or T ]
UK /ɪˈrəʊd/ US /ɪˈroʊd/
C2 to rub or be rubbed away gradually:
Wind and rain have eroded the statues into shapeless lumps of stone.
predate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/ US /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/
to have existed or happened before another thing:
These cave paintings predate any others which are known.