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1.21.2.10 - Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses & Horns - Coggle Diagram
1.21.2.10 - Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses & Horns
paranasal sinuses
air filled diverticula of nasal cavity
invaginate skull bones
lined by respiratory epithelium
same as nasal cavity
innervated from opthalmic and maxillary brances of the trigeminal nerve
considerable species variation but all have frontal and maxillary systems
divided into many smaller connecting tissues
separate on left and right side of head
function of sinuses
reduces weight of skull
increased insertion surfaces
insulation / cooling brain
space for teeth
resonating cavities (voice)
cow
front sinus extends into horn
acorss face
maxillary sinuses
frotnal sinuses
nasolacrimal duct similar to horses
dog
maxillary sinus and frontal sinus
different breeds have different sinuses
horse
external landmarks
maxilla
incisive bone
nasal bone
nasoincisive notch
frontal bone
lacrimal bone
different sinuses
2 frontal sinuses
frontal
dorsal conchal
4 maxillary sinuses
ventral conchal
sphenopalatine
caudal
rostal
sinus drainage
fluid flows down with gravity
three sinuses drain into caudal max sinus
all drain throguh nasal maxillary opening into middle meatus
tooth routes
106&107
embedded in maxilla
108&109
in rostral max sinus
hypsodont
long routes esp. in young
teeth grow continually through their lives
110&111
in caudal max sinus
cheek teeth are 106-111
abscess in 106 107 = facial swelling
nasolacrimal duct
drainage from medial canthus of eye to nasal cavity
starts as nasal puncta
runs iwthin infraorbital canal throguh maxillary sinus
drains excess tears
exits at nostril or nasal cavity
bocked nasolacrimal duct
can get excess tears draining down the side of the face
can be cleared
pass a catheter through the nostril
investigating sinus disease
usually present as chronic unilateral purulent discharge
can have faical swelling
primary sinusitis - bacterial
secondary sinusitis - dental / cyst/ neoplasia
bilateral nasal discharge would be coming form the lungs, unilateral would be form the head
fungal disease in warmer parts of the world
sinus trephination
make a hole into the sinus
use a small drill/circular cutting saw
endoscopy
allows repeated flushing of mucous and pus
sinus endoscopy
birds infraorbital sinus
triangular cavity under the skin, rostroventral to the eye
horns
cattle horn
keratin
frontal sinus extends into base of horn
opened during dehorning in adults
animal will breathe through air air flows in
think about contamination or flies
predisposes to sinus infection
innervation of the horn
cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve
90% animals
medial canthus and medial horn base
frontal nerve
15% animals
cornual nerve
100% animals
between lateral canthus and horn base along ridge of frontal bone
branches from c1 & c2
5% animals
keratin
dehorning
calves
burn off
cornual n. block only
cattle & goats
may also need ot block region caudal to horn
wire/saw
cornual and conrual branch of infratrochlear n. blocks
opens the frontal sinus (dont do around flies)
goat kids
excess heat can damage brain, frontal sinus is small
blood supply to the horns
ruminants
branch off maxillary a.
vey vascular
dehorning can produce a lot of bleeding if the fetotomy wire is not move quickly
deer antlers
covered in very acitve velvet cells that lay down bone
regrow every year
made of very rapidly growing bony horns
unique to deer, moose and antelop - bone not keratin
rhino horns
fibres are less densely packed than true horn
no bony core
keratin horns
radiography to investigate
fluid has a horizontal line where it stops
CT as gold standard investigation
