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1.21.2.09 - Nasal Cavities - Coggle Diagram
1.21.2.09 - Nasal Cavities
functions of the nasal cavity
conduction and preparation of inspired air
warms air
moisten air
mucous traps particles
filters particles
olfaction
caudal regions of the turbinates covered by olfactory epithelium
heat exchangers for cooling the brain
airflow cools venous blood
subsequent countercurrent flow with arteries cool arterial blood going to the brain
landmarks
laterally
incisive bone & maxilla
rostrally
nares
ventrally
hard palate
caudally
nasopharynx
dorsally
nasal bons
axially
nasal septum
cattle
nostrils surrounded by smooth hairless nasolabial plate
stratified cornified epithelium
serous glands create moisture
nasolabial glands
very small middle meatus
nasal tubes must go in the ventral meatus
nares
actual meatus (hole)
surrounded by hairless skn
sometimes highly modified (species dependent)
many species have an netire cartilagonous ring
supported by nasal cartilage
attached to nasal septum
horse
no ventral nasal cartilage
incomplete cartilagnous ring
alar cartilages (plate and horn)
comma shaped
ventral = true nostral
dorsal = false nostril
skin lines with diverticulum
within nasoincisive notch
muscles of the nostril
nostril dilation
innervated by the facial nerve
supplied by the facial artery
able to distend nostril
improves airflow
nasal cavity
four meatuses
dorsal meatus - to olfactory mucose
middle meatus - paranasal sinuses
ventral meatus - to pharynx
common meatus
dog and cat
nasal plate
divided by median groove
secretions from lateral nasal gland
BOAS
flat faced breeds of cat and dog
stenotic nares
elongated & thickened soft palate
enlarged tongue
narrow trachea
affects quality of life
sleep apnoea
exercise intolerance
coughing and shortness of breath
increased breathing & noie
BRACHYCEPHALIC OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY SYNDORME
grading systems
canine turbinates
pigs
small nostrils on flat mobile snout
highly sensitive
contains the rostral bone
birds
slit openings
not diving birds
operculum
overhanging bony flap
nasal cavity
rostral concha
middle concha
caudal concha
nasal vestibule
the opening of the nasal cavity
contains the opening of the nasolacrimal duct
visible on ventral surfaces of the nasal vestible
medial canthus of the eye down tonostril
opening drains tears
recieves nasal gland secretions in dogs
nasal osteology
dorsal
nasal bone 1
lateral
incisive bone
maxilla
ventral
palatine bones
caudal
ethmoidal bone
axial
nasal septum
chonanae
paired caudal openings of the nasal cavity into the harynx
scrolls of turbinate bones covered in mucosa
further increase the SA of the nasal cavity
highly vascular
consist of long thin bone covered by nasal mucosa
coiled up like paper roll
dorsal, middle, ventral
dorsal and middle - attached to ethmoid
middle
short in horse and pig, long in dog and ruminants
nasal cavity
extends from nostrils to cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
divided into left and right sides by septum
divided by choncae
scrolles of turbinate bones
nasal meatus
nasal conchae divide i=nasal cavity into three passages
dorsal ventral and middle meatus
summary
nasal cavity is divided by scrolls of mucosa covered turbinate bone called conchae
conchae divide the nasal cavity into meatuses
olfaction
covered in resp. epithelium
contains sensory neurones
ethmoturbinates extend rostrally from the ethmoid bone
sniffing alters normal airflow to bring air to ethmoturbinates
olfactory region
cranial nerve 1
olfacotry cells
non motile structures
detects cemicals
cilia
vomeronasal organ
rostral part of the hard palate
chemoreceptors for prehomosens
lip curling (Flehmen response)
within hard palate
division of nasal cavity
balance between two function
varying complexity between species
airflow resistance
defence mechanisms
warming and moistening function
olfaction
nasal mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
nsala cavity -> respiratory epithelium -> olfactory epithelium
mucous membrane
nasal cavity: repspiratory epithelium
caudodorsal part of the ethmoidal conchae: olfacotry epithekium
vestibule transtin from skin to mucous membrane
vomerodorsal organ (olfaction)
respiratory mucousa
covers most of the nasal cavity
lamina propria + epithelium
resp epithelium
columnar cells
goblet cells
pseudostratified
ciliated
respiratory epithelium
fucntion
humidification (evaporator)
cleaning (cilia)
warming
regulation of air flow by erectile tissue
protecting reflexes (e.g. neeze)
nasal airflow
resistance for airflow
turbinates are a necessary hindrance
horses are obligate nasal breathers
less complex turbinate pattern to help airflow
naal cavity, pharynx and larynx cause >60% of airflow resistance