PILIAVIN ET AL
KITTY GENOVESE
BYSTANDER EFFECT
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
SUBWAY
VICTIM
BLACK/WHITE
NEW YORK
4,450
MODEL
CRITICAL AREA
ADJACENT AREA
COVERT OBSERVATION
55/45 SPLIT
'ITS FOR MEN TO HELP HIM'
90%
SPONTANEOUS HELPING
EMERGENCY SCENARIO
GREATEST NUMBERS OF HELPING
AROUSAL-COST-BENEFIT