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gangguan menelan, Azer SA, Kanugula AK, Kshirsagar RK. Dysphagia. [Updated…
gangguan menelan
Medications
xerostomia
Tricyclic antidepressant
Potassium supplements
Antipsychotic (eq, olanzepine, clozapine)
GERD development
NSAIDs
Esophageal motility
Antipsychotic
TCA
Theophylline
central depression
Opioids
Alcohol
Esophagitis
Cyclosporin
Nausea n vomiting
Bisphosphonates
CCB
theophylline
Alcohol
Opioids
NSAIDs
Rheumatological disorder
Systemic sclerosis
Sjorgen syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Mixed connective tissue disorder
Oropharyngeal
Neurological
Post CVA
basal ganglia lesion (ie: Parkinson disease)
Post Head & neck injury/trauma
Post head & neck surgery
Botulism
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
supranuclear palsy
degenerative cervical spine disease
Muscular
Polymyositis
muscular dystrophy
myasthenia gravis
Anatomical
Zenker diverticulum
Enlarged thyroid
Esophageal web
Tumor
Abcess
cervical fusion
Post Op
Esophageal
Mechanical obstruction
(associated to dysphagia only to solid food)
Schatzki ring
esophageal stricture
Esophageal carcinoma
eosinophilic esophagitis
motility disorder
(solid and liquid)
Esophageal spasm
Achalasia
ineffective esophageal motility
Scleroderma
Azer SA, Kanugula AK, Kshirsagar RK. Dysphagia. [Updated 2023 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559174/