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1.19.1.10 - The Importance of Cell Biology & AMR for Veterinary…
1.19.1.10 - The Importance of Cell Biology & AMR for Veterinary Medicine
Daily impact
prevention of infectious disease
treatment of infectious disease
sterilisation of instruments
biosecurity
foot and mouth disease
took three weeks to diagnose
in the meantime there was movement on fars etc that tranmitted the disease
parvo
epidemiology
how diesases come about and spread
antimicrobial stewardship
antimicroial resistance
which antibiotics to use when
226 tonnes sold last year
understanding disease process
antimicrobial resistance is the biggest threat of the 21st century
antibiotics
common treatment in a lot of common infections seen in practice
importance of antibiotics in animal medicine
flight animals (e.g. horses) can impale themselves on foreign objects
open wounds
contaminated and need antibiotics
cows with metritis
can become toxic
will die without antibiotic
routine treatable problems without antibacterials would be untreatable
terminal instead of preventable
septic peritonitis need antibotics
there are already problems with antibiotics
traditionally easily treated problems become increasingly problematic because of AMR
BORIS
6 year old terrier
treated for three weeks
no improvement
wound carried resistant bacteria
antibacterial washes everyday
chlorhexidine
there are reports of chlorhexidine resistance emerging
stewardship
some antibiotics are more critical than others
critical in human medicine should be the last resort in animal medicine
moving up the pyramid in terms of importance and when you should use them
sales data
antimicrobial resistance in inevitable
natural process for naturally occuring bacteria and fungi
resource protection in natural environment
multi resistance organisms
active ingredients
despite consistent reduction in antibiotic sales over the last few years, not much change in antimicrobial resistance
sales don't correspond to use
salmonella
farm animals and dogs
higher resistance to at least one antibiotics
salmonella from dogs has recently been reported
not much resistance to antibiotics
cattle sheep pigs and turkeys
multi-drug resistance
resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics
strong correlation between resistance and prescribing
strong regulations in countries surrounding antibiotic use - smaller AMR.
what is an infewction
the invasion and/or colonisation by subsequent multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms (pathogens) in a bodily part/ tissue
through colonisation
production of a toxin and poisoning of the host
ingestion of a preformed toxin
how can microbes cause disease
infection
production of toxins
host response
combination
kochs postulates
the way we got diseases
thoughts have changed over time
the organisms must be found in all animals suffering from the disease
the organism must be isolted from a diseased animals and grown in pure culture
abandoned when he realised the carrier state was a thing
the cultured organism should casue disease when intriduced into a healthy anumal
the organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal
terminology
sporadic
randomly appearing
enzootic
regularly affecting animals in a particular district or at a particular season
endemic
term that relates to humans - regularly found among particular group people or in a certain area. However, endemic is often used as a veterinary term
latency
the pathogen goes inert in the animals. Reactivation may occur if pathogen is ‘switched’ back on
carriage
the animal tolerates the pathogen without disease and is capable of transmitting the organism
reservoir of infection
any animal, human, environment (i.e. plant, soil..) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies
the carrier animal is a reservoir for infection as it may shed pathogens
describing diseases
acute infection
pathogen is cleared shortly after infection
persistent (chronic)
pathogen is detectable for the lifetime of the host
latent
infectious agent disappears (undetectable) but can be reactivated by a number of factors
attacking bacteria
cell wall
cell membrane and structure
DNA synthesis and replication
targeting enymes
RNA
prokaryoktic ribosomes are different to eukaryotic ribosomes
transcriptions
protein synthesis
cell membranes
Disrupted functional integrity of cell membrane leads to escape of macromolecules & ions from bacterial cell
more toxic for animal cells
bactericidal
hence often last resot
colistin and polymixin
colistin resistance would be awful
nucleic acid synthesis
organization and replication of bacterial DNA and RNA different to eukaryotes
bacteriostatic
dont kill them but stop them growing
acts on enzymes that separate DNA strands during replication
protein sytnthesis
70S vs 80S ribosomes
attachment of tRNA molecule
erythromycin
block 50S subunit
aminoglycosides
bind to 30S subunit and inihbit proofreading and initiation
bacteriostatic
bacteri are adaptable to the environment
degrade or inactivate the antibiotic
alteration of target site
eliination of natibiotic form bacterial cells
efflux pumps
bacteral cell impermeable for antibiotic
selection pressure give rise to antibiotics
higher resistance can eradicated by the immune system
only resistanct bacteria survive and replicate
next generation is highly resistant
random levels of resistance in a naturally occurng population
developing new drugs can be goodd but resistance develops in three months
antibiotics in farming
prevention over interventon
ethical requirements
legal equirements
summary
Microbes can cause disease by infection, toxins or eliciting a host response
Infections can be sporadic or enzootic/endemic and can be describes as acute, persistent/chronic or latent
Carriers don’t show signs of disease but are reservoirs of infection
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include: cell wall synthesis, cell membrane structure & function, DNA synthesis & replication, transcription and translation/ protein synthesis
Antibiotic stewardship is essential to minimize antibiotic resistance without compromising animal welfare
These differences allow for the identification of targets for antibiotics