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Week 1: Geropsychology - Coggle Diagram
Week 1: Geropsychology
Definitions
Encyclopedia of
Critical Psychology 2014
clinical field within professional psychology
application of knowledge and skills from psychology and gerontology
in assessment & intervention with :older_man::skin-tone-3: and families
Encyclopeadia of Gerontology
& Population Aging 2021
lifespan
perspective is
still fundamental
old age seen as linked with lifespan development
still focus on later stages in life
APA 2016
the field within psychology that
applies the knowledge and methods of psychology
to understanding & helping older persons & their families maintain well-being, overcome problems, and achieve maximum potential during later life
Career Pathways
Research
Research Assistant
Teaching
Practice
Training
Clinical Supervision
Courses
SUSS Masters of
Gerontology
NTU MSc in Applied
Gerontology
Sandwich Generation :stuffed_flatbread:
Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010
20%
of Asia population are :stuffed_flatbread:
26%
of SG population are :stuffed_flatbread:
individuals supporting parents and children simultaneously
Health
absence of disease or infirmity
State of complete physical, mental & social well-being (WHO, 1948)
Huber 2011
: ability to adapt to difficulties & life changes caused by disease and self-manage
Huber 2016
: Positive Health Dimensions
:one: Bodily functioning
:two: Mental functions and perception
:three: Spiritual/existential dimension
:four: Quality of life
:five: Social and societal participation
:six: Daily functioning
assumes disease will occur
Demographic Shifts
Age Dependency Ratio (SG Department of Stats ID 966808)
2012
: 13.5
\(\frac{residents\ > \ 65\ years}{residents\ < \ 65\ years}\)
2021
: 23.1
Nursing Homes
Nursing Home Beds for resident elderlies ≥ 65 yrs
2000
: 27.9 beds per 1000 resident elderlies and 235,000 resident elderlies
2020
: 28.3 beds per 1000 resident elderlies and 600,000 resident elderlies
Population Trends 2015, Department of Stats SG
Nursing Home Beds (SG Department of Stats ID 1230895)
2011
: 9690 beds
2020
: 16,221 beds
Number of citizens 65 and above (Department of Stats)
2015
: currently
1 in 8
2030
: projected to rise to
1 in 4
Family dynamics
Population Census 2020
Average household size
2010
: 3.5 persons =>
2020
: 3.2 persons
% of resident households with at least 1 member ≥ 65 yrs
2010
: 24.1% =>
2020
: 34.5%
Life Span Theories
Erikson Stage Model
early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood (> 65)
Schaie & Willis Stage Theory of Cognition
Stages
Achieving
application & integration of knowledge to pursue careers and develop families
application of intelligence in situations that have :arrow_up: consequences for long-term goals
Responsible
application of cognitive skills in situations involving
social responsbility
occurs when family established and needs of spouse & offspring must be met (job & community)
Executive
Examples
deans of academic institutions
church officials
presidents (business firms)
application of intelligence to understand organisations
temporally
(events situated in time) and
hierarchically
(structure and dynamic of organisation)
future plans of organisation
policy decisions adequately translated into action at lower levels
extension of the responsible stage
Reintegration
corresponds to stage of ego integrity
Why should I know?
Features
:arrow_down: likely to waste time on tasks considered meaningless to them
selective :arrow_down: of interpersonal networks
reintegrating concerns in :arrow_up: self-directed, self-supported manner
:arrow_down: in information-seeking activities while :arrow_up: importance of emotional regulation
information application and acquisition
function of interests, attitudes, values, physical health to a :arrow_up: extent than earlier
Reorganisation
effort to replace previous engagements with meaningful pursuits
planning usage of resources for remaining 15-30 years of postretirement life
requires maintaining :arrow_up: cognitive competence for selection, optimisation, compensation
Examples
drawing up advanced medical directives
changing one's will
durable powers of attorney
changing housing arrangements
part of reintegrative stage
differs from Responsible stage in revolving around current & future needs of individual
Legacy Creating
life review (writing autobiographies for highly literate/successful people)
cognitive activities of the
very old
Features
switch from acquisition of intelligence to application of intelligence
more likely to use them for different purposes
adults unlikely to progress beyond formal operations
variations in
precise chronological age of occurrence
due to
society
intellectual competence
personal engagement
universal
sequential process
of developmental stages
Intelligence
Relationship with age
3 Conjectures
:two: Relatively stable through adult years
provide enough capacity for anything we would want to think about
:three: Declines in some aspects & increases in others
:arrow_up: perceptual or mental speed
:arrow_up: in knowledge about life or wisdom
:one: Process of irreversible decline in adult years due to :arrow_down: efficiency of brain
\(G_C - G_F\) theory
Fluid Intelligence
Tests where :boy::skin-tone-3: > :older_man::skin-tone-3: (
don't hold
) => load under \(G_f\)
Characteristics
global capacity to reason
ability to learn new things
abstract thinking & problem solving
systematic :arrow_down: with age
progressive deterioration in neural structures underlying intelligence
reflects brain quality
speed of neural transmission
quality of neuron organisation involved in associations, pattern recognition, and memory
closer to "native mental ability"
Crystallised Intelligence
Characteristics
depend on experience with the world and learning.
both formal schooling and informal learning experiences in daily life
based on facts
should not be affected as much by age & even increase
due to :arrow_up: adult educational experiences
Tests where :older_man::skin-tone-3: > :boy::skin-tone-3: (
hold
) => load under \(G_c\)
IQ Tests
average IQ for each age group
set to 100
hides the fact that
20
yr old needs :arrow_up: raw score than
50
yr old for 100
80 raw => 87IQ (20yrs)
80 raw => 101IQ (50yrs)
Early Cross-sectional studies
compare raw scores across age groups
Results
intellectual abilities gradually but inexorably decline over adult years
intellectual decline less pronounced in some cognitive tasks & WAIS subtasks
Hold-tasks
older adults perform about
as well as
younger adults
verbal tests
information
comprehension
vocabulary
working memory
Dont hold tasks
older adults perform
worse
than younger adults
Performance subtests
perceptual reasoning
processing speed
digit symbol, block design
Reasons
:older_man::skin-tone-3: perform worse in
speeded tasks
scores reflect time taken to solve problem or number of responses in fixed time interval
partially discredited as :older_man::skin-tone-3: still performed worse when given unlimited time
slower average speed may be largely due to :older_man::skin-tone-3: who do not solve problem
Cross-sectional from Seattle Longitudinal Study
Longitudinal Studies
Results
virtually no :arrow_down: in IQ by middle age but instead :arrow_up:
average person got smarter with age at least up to 50 yrs
follow-up studies found intelligence maintained up to 60
absence of significant declines in young old age been found repeatedly
except slowing response time in midlife and early old age
:arrow_up: in IQ common in highly educated population group
Seattle Longitudinal Study
features of both cross-sectional & longitudinal design
:one: people from ages 22 to 70 tested in cross-sectional study
:two: Repeated cross-sectional study every 7 years (1956, 1963, 1970…)
Results
Cross-Sectional
peak at 39yrs for most abilities
followed by a relatively sharp :arrow_down: in some abilities (eg. inductive reasoning & verbal memory)
.........................Cross-sectional............................................Longitudinal
Longitudinal
:arrow_up: in abilities until 53 or 60 followed by small decline
such as verbal ability/comprehension
even at 74 the estimated performance is better than at 25.
Declines become more rapid across most abilities at high 80s and 90s
increasing failures of sensory capacities & other physiological infrastructures & pathology.
Reasons
Cohort Differences
differences across cohorts
cross sectional studies compare people of diff cohorts
each generation performs :arrow_up: than previous on at least some abilities.
Reasons
:arrow_up: years of education over generations
:arrow_up: nutrition & medical care => :arrow_up: brain physical condition
:arrow_up: test-taking experience
Crossword puzzles => verbal ability (CI)
jigsaw puzzles => spatial ability (FI)
less clear whether crossword puzzle practice :arrow_down: age difference on FI or :arrow_up: age-related increases on CI
shift from manual labour to knowledge-skill based work
generational differences starting to favor earlier-born cohorts (e.g., numerical ability)
avg scores on SAT :arrow_down: since 1962
averages stable or increasing before 1962
appear that people get smarter with age on cross-sectional studies
