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Reproduction In Plants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Receives pollen grains during pollination
    - - Supports the stigma to receive pollen grains
    - - Contains and protects the ovules
      - Develops into fruit after pollination and
    - - Contains the female reproductive cell (a.k.a gamete)
      - Develops into seed after pollination and fertilisation
  - - - Produces, stores and releases many pollen grains
    - - Supports the anther to release the pollen grains
    - - Contains and stores the male reproductive cells
- - - - Traits of animal-pollinated plants
        
        Anthers and stigma are found within the flower and do not hang out of the flower
        
        Stigmas are usually sticky to prevent pollen grains that land on them from being shaken off easily.
        
        Flowers are usually brightly-coloured, large and scented (nice-smelling or foul-smelling
        
        Nectar is present to attract animals to pollinate the flower
        
        Pollen grains are rough and sticky to stick to pollinators more firmly and easily.
    - - Traits of wind-pollinated plants
        
        Filaments are long and hang out of the flower to allow pollen grains to be carried away by the wind more easily
        
        Stigmas are large and feathery, and hang out of the flower to catch the pollen grains carried by the wind more easily
        
        Flowers are usually dull-coloured, small and scentless
        
        Nectar is absent
        
        Pollen grains are smooth and light to be carried further by the wind
- - - - Fruit or seeds have wing-like structures or fine hairs to increase their exposed surface area to the surrounding air
        
        This increases the amount of air resistance that they experience, allowing the fruit/seed to stay afloat in the air for a longer time so that the wind can carry it further away from the parent plant.
      - Young are dispersed in the same direction as the wind away from the parent plant
        
        The greater the wind speed, the greater the distance travelled by the fruit/seed.
      - Examples: Maple, Shorea, Angsana, Dandelion
    - - Fruits have a pod-like structure, are hard and split open when dry, allowing the seeds to be released with great force
      - Young plants are dispersed close to the parent plant
      - Examples: Balsam, Rubber, Pea
      - Advantage: This method does not depend on other external environmental factors to disperse the seeds
      - Disadvantage: The method would cause the seedlings to experience overcrowding and competition for light, water, mineral salts and space with each other
    - - Fruits have a fibrous husk to trap air, which helps the fruit to stay afloat on the water
      - Young are dispersed along the river banks in the same direction of the water flow
        
        The greater the speed of water flow, the greater the distance travelled by the fruit/seed.
      - Examples: Coconut, Pong pong
    - - Fruits have sweet juicy flesh that attract animals to eat them
      - The seeds are small and indigestible to be swallowed and passed out in the animals' waste
      - Fruits have tiny hook-like structures/ tiny hooks attach or hook onto the fur or feathers of passing animals to be dispersed.