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Fish (1.18.4.14) - Coggle Diagram
Fish (1.18.4.14)
common disease challenges
observe the tankpondcage
take a good histry
even over a video
water quality
new tank?
environmental husbandrey
human action and inaction
diet
stocking density
lots of fish or just one individual
pathogen vs tumour
necropsy is the biggest diagnostic tool
sample innediately
reputable lab
fish degrade very quickly
assess behaviour
dont force it
minimise handling
check resp rate
check skin
watch swimming patters
variation
skin scrapes
rub of mucous later and just look at. that - thats where the pathogen will be
gill clips
just the tips - will grow back
dropsy
not a disease - a clinical sign
kiney problem?
liver problem?
cardiac problem?
osmoregulation issue
buoyancy issue
tumours
infectious disease
egg binding
polycyctic kidneys
dystocia
physiology and anatomy
bony fish
cartilaginous fish
sharks and rays
massive variation
carnivore vs herbivore
operculum
protects the gill filaments
bucchal pump (flow of warer over the gills)
dorsal fin
keeps them upright in the water
caudal fin
anal fin
lateral line system
system of sense
organ used to detect movement
vibration
pressure gradients
skin
barrier to the environment
osmotic barrier
mucus
protection form the environment
some fish don't have scales
internal anatomy
massive species variation
GI tract
diet variations
short in carnivores
long in herbores
large liver
single body cavity
kidney has massive species variation
kidneys
anterior and posterior kidney
salmon have a single kidney
gills
more/as important as lungs
countercurrent exchage of water t oblood
acid-base balance
excretion of nitrogenous waste
osmoregulation
immune role
microbiome
heart
one ventricle one atrium
two chambers
o2 blood from gills around the body
swim bladder
maintains buoyancy
position in water
not in all species
air in and out the swim bladder
nutrition
recent focus on developing nitritioally appropriate diets
reliant of fish meal and oil
nutritional pathologies are common
herbivorous are eating not very nutritional
longer GI tract
carnivorous are eating nutritionally dense foods
shorter GI tract
specific requirements
overfeeding is a problem
some live feeds given
parasites are often brought in on food and new fish
lab fish
zebrafish
controversial
very often used in labs (rats/mice)
genetic studies
toxicological studies
strict welfare guidelines
important for the fish to be healthy before and throughout
genetically similar to humans
major commercial farmed
fastst growing food
large industry
lots of employment
economic implications
local and foreign impact
worth <£500,000,000
aquaculture is overtaking open-sea capture of fish
blood sampling
tail vein
ensure lab can do fish
some labs have a koi profile
make fresh blood smears
like a bearded dragon/cow
post mortem from the heart - not live
osmoregulation
maintenance of constant osmotic pressure
25-50% of total energy output
essential for life
involves kidney gut and gills
saltwater
environment is hypertonic compared to fish
water pasively leaves fish
freshwater
considerations
environemntal impact
risks posed to aquatic wildlife
welfare of fish
seals end up on farms and can get in then the farmers kill the seals
welfare of fish
suitability of the species to intensive culture system
why do fish need vets
salmon
pet fish
aquariums
lab fish
farmed fish
ornamental fish
pet fish
koi and goldfish
multi billion pound industry
aquariums
some are worth thousands
demanding environment and nutrition requirements
diagnostic imaging
settings will be off
anaesthetise
quick in and out wit the image
ultrasouns
dont need gel
dont submerge the whole transducer
careful of the equipment
zoos
aquatic zoos
unique challaenges
inventive solutions
need license and inspections
environmental
home tanks
number of fish
species compatability
surroundinngs
enrichment
live plants
water changes
freshwater vs saltwater
saltwater is stable in the ocean
saltwater fish are not tolerant to changes
freshwater has seasoanl and natural fluctuation
freshwater fish are more tolerant to changes
saltwater needs heating and lighting
outdoor ponds
stocking density
2kg/1000L
too much = too stressed
too much = nitrogen +++
plants
shelter
oxygenation
nitrated and phosphates
koi can uproot or knock over plants
O2 can high low point in early hours of morning
can lead to sudden death
consider surroundings
trees
runoff
RAS
high production salmon
aquariums
recirculating aquaculture systems
precise chemistry
ozone can be dangerous
anaesthestics
ms-222 - tricane
acidic powder
can be handled by salmon for some time
bugger with bicarbonate 1:1
not on prized fish
accuracy with gram scale
aqua-sed
cheap
1 pump per litre
species variation
euthanasia = quadruple dose
eugenol
clove oil
not so good
basic management requirements
water quality
susceptible to changes
freshwater are more tolerant than saltwater
values vary by species
disease caused by poor water
factors
oxygen
low oxygen
gasping
gills flare
gathering at high water areas
sudden death
co2
respiration
decomposing matter
daily fluctuation
pond systems have 24 hour cycles
critical time = dawn as co2 rises
countered by aeration
nitrogen cycle
ammonia as a waste product
toxic
nitrate is least toxic but not good
nitrite is middle toxic
brown blood
biofilter collects denitrifying bacteria
dont replace the biofilter - can remove all the denitrifying bacteria
new tank syndrome
denitrifying bacteria are not established yet
ammonia spike
cannot be reliably sped up and avoided
cant go too slow - slower the better
satwater vs fresh water