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Ecosystems I - Coggle Diagram

- - - - An example of interdependence in ecosystems.
      - A relationship between two organisms where both organisms benefit
      - Examples
        
        Coral Polyp
        
        partner = Algae
        
        Algae photosyntehsize, providing glucose
        
        Minerals come from coral
        
        Sea anemone
        
        partner = clownfish
        
        Sea Anemone protects clown fish from predators
        
        Clownfish clean anemone
        
        Nitrogen fixing bacteria
        
        partner = legume plants
        
        Bacteria provide the plants with nitrogen
        
        Plants provide the bacteria with glucose
    - - Another example of interdependence
      - Parasites live very closely with a host species
      - Parasites take what it needs to survive, but the host doesn't benefit
      - Examples
        
        Tapeworms
        
        Host: other animals
        
        Live in the animal's intestine and absorb nutrients from the digested food
        
        Head louse
        
        Host = humans
        
        Lay eggs on hair
        
        Have hooks to stick onto hair
        
        Plasmodium
        
        Host = humans, mosquitoes
        
        Causes malaria
        
        Blocks enzymes that prevent the mosquitoes feeding
- - - - Organisms need things from the environment and other organisms in order to survive and reproduce
      - Organisms compete with other species for the same resources
      - Between plants - light and space
      - Between animals - food, mates and territory
    - - Animals that hunt and kill other animals are called predators
      - The animals they eat are called prey
      - Predation is the interaction between predators and prey
- - - - 1) Place a quadrat on the ground at a random point within the sampling area
      - 2) Count all the organisms that your're interseted in within the quadrat and calculate the percentage of area that they cover
      - 3) Repeat steps 1 and 2 as many times as you can
      - 4) Work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat within the sample area
      - 5) Repeat steps 1-4 in the second sampling area
      - Compare the 2 means
    - - You can use quadrats to work out the population size of an organism
      - 1) Work out the mean number of organisms per m^2
      - Multiply the mean by the total area of the habitat
  - - - 1) Mark out a line in the area you want to study using a tape measure
      - 2) Then collect data along the line using quadrats placed next to eachother, if you have more space, you can use spaced intervals
      - 3) Estimate the percentage area of a quadrat covered by a particular type of organism
      - 4) You can record other abiotic facorts such as light intensity
      - 5) Repeat steps 1-4 several times