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Physicals chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Physicals chemistry
Subatomic paritcles
An atom is made from subatomic particles. these care called protons , neutrons and electrons.
Protons
A proton has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1
Electrons
An electron has a mass of 1/1836 and a charge of -1
Nuetron
A neutron has a mass of 1 and a charge of 0
An atom contains a nucleus
A nucleus is the center of the atom and the protons and neutrons compose what is known as the nucleon. The majority of the mass is found in the nucleus because the electron has the fewest mass compared to the proton and neutron combined.
An atom has equal amounts of protons and electrons
This is because the atom must have an overall charge which is neutral. for example , a fluorine atom will have nine electrons and nine protons. the positive charge will be balanced by the negative charge
An atom has an atomic number and a mass number
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. this is also known as the proton number. the atomic number is represented by the number on the bottom. Each element will always have a unique atomic number,
The mass number is the number of subatomic particles found within the nucleus. it is the sum of the protons and neutrons.
Subatomic atoms can have isotopes
An isotope has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, An example of this is Nickle 35 and Nickle 37
Electron orbits
Electron shells have different amoutnts of energy inside them.
the maximum amount s of electrons being can be modeled by the formulae 2n^2 so that the first energy level can hold up to 2 electrons. the second eight and so on.
The electron is quite and exclusive species and it can act as both a wave and a particle. the subatomic particles are expressed in terms of orbital clouds which exists as a mathematical expression of the probability density of the electron. the volume is known as an atomic orbital,
There exists 4 types of orbitals. These are s, p , d and f orbitals and the most common for the specification is the s, p, d.
A single orbital can hold up to 2 electrons at a time. the maximum and each of these orbitals shares an elaborate shape which exists in 3d space.
When working with diagrams , it is important to show electrons in the same orbitals posseting opposite spins by arrows pointing up or down.
When filling the atomic orbitals it is important that the lowest energy are filled first. this is known as the Aufbau principle and electron repulson works when two electrons have the same spin.
An example is sulphhire. sulphure has 16 electrons in total and has the configuration 1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2 4p4
Time of flight mass spectrometry