Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Element consisting of singular atoms
      - Very rare in nature e.g helium, neon, argon, krypton
      - All non-metallic gases
      - Examples include helium (used in party balloons because it is lighter than air), neon (used in neon lights creating coloured signs) and argon (used in incandescent light bulbs and stops the filament from burning. It is a noble gas, meaning it is unreactive)
    - - Clusters of 2 or more bonded atoms
      - All molecules are identical (same size, shape, number of atoms and type)
      - Common molecules
        
        Nitrogen molecule (N2)
        
        Phosphorous molecule (P1)
        
        Sulfur molecule (S8)
        
        Buckyball (C60)
    - - Do not form molecules
      - Form large grid-like structures
      - Make metals strong and solid at room temperature
      - Atoms slide over each other without breaking lattice
      - Non-metallic lattices
        
        Only few non-metallic atoms form lattices e.g carbon, which forms a crystal lattice which could form substances like graphite or diamond
        
        Atoms are bonded tightly together in a fixed position
        
        In graphite, the atoms bonded together in sheets that can slide over one another making graphite a good lubricant
        
        In diamonds, the carbon atoms are strongly bonded to each other in four directions which is why diamonds are the hardest natural substance on Earth.
- - - - Changed from one another by adding or removing heat
      - If you heat a solid it will form a liquid
      - Some solids do not change to a liquid when they are heated. Instead they turn straight into a gas in a process called sublimation
      - When a solid is heated, its particles gain more energy and vibrate more
      - They just take up more space
      - At the boiling point the particles have enough energy to escape
    - - All materials can be classified into one of two groups - pure substances and mixtures
      - Contain particles that are all exactly the same e.g. salt, gold, distilled water, carbon dioxide gas are all pure substances
      - Most materials are mixtures - made up of several different substances mixed together
      - Can be solids, liquids or gases
      - Same substances can have different properties
      - Proportions can vary widely
      - Example is cement; its strength depends on proportions of cement, sand and gravel