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Unit 4.2 - Protestant Reformation, Vatican II - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "Faith without works is dead" (James 2:26)
      - "The righteous shall live by faith" (Romans 1:17)
    - - "I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils" (Luther)
      - "preserved by unbroken succession" (Council of Trent)
    - - "Total depravity" (Luther) (of human nature and of good)
- - - - Judged that Martin Luther's complaints were wrong because he threatened the authority of the pope.
      - They were concerned with "issues of authority rather than precise statements of theological orthodoxy" (Scott Dixon)
        
        More concerned about the threatening of the Pope not over theology.
    - - Leo X initially believed that Luther's objections would fade into obscurity
        
        "a quarrel among friars" (Marshall)
        
        "minor incident" (Armenio)
      - Pope Leo X judged Luther to be a heretic as he contradicted his authority as pope.
        
        "reject completely the books and all the writings and sermons" of Martin Luther (Exsurge Domine)
    - - Emperor Charles V saw the issue not as a theological one, but rather on that threatened the unity of his empire, reliant on Catholicism, and wanted to reunite Luther with Church.
        
        "immediate security and a safe conduct" and asking him to "not stay aloof" (Charles V) in coming to the Diet of Worms.
  - - - Peter Marshall suggests that "reconciliation with the Lutherans was never really on the agenda"
      - "The aspiration for a disciplined and educated priesthood was a cornerstone of Catholic reform" (Peter Marshall)
    - - Paul III judged that the Reformation was not necessarily an issue of doctrine but as a result of the failures of the leadership.
        
        "afflicted almost to the despair of salvation" **(Paul III)**
      - Paul III convoked the Council fo Trent because he saw that the Church was in need of serious reform and repair to protect it.
        
        it was clear that "reconciliation with the protestant was impossible" (John O'Malley)
      - Paul III looks inward and recognises that significant blame for the Protestant Reformation lays on himself and the Church.
        
        that it has occurred "through our transgressions and the guilt of us all" (Paul III)
  - - - Pope Francis in his assessment of the Reformation judged that "the intention of Martin Luther 500 years ago was to renew the Church, not divide Her" (Pope Francis, 2017)
      - The German Bishops in 2016 called Martin Luther a "Gospel witness and teacher of the faith" and recognised that there is fault on both sides recognising "guilt for past errors... on both sides" (The Reformation in Ecumenical Perspective)
- - - - Mandatory training for priests who were previously "self seeking and spiritually unqualified" (Claveau)
      - Introduction of the Papal Index (list of forbidden books)
      - Regulation of marriages (to stop the intermarriage and protestants and Christians)
      - People: Pope Paul III + Pope Julius III + St Charles Borromeo + St Teresa of Avila + St Ignatius of Loyola
        
        St Ignatius of Loyola advocated for spiritual renewal and thorough training
        
        St Charles of Borromeo was the Archbishop of Milan; put a stop to absenteeism in Milan (after 80 years)
        
        St Teresa of Avila advocated for austerity, charity, prayer
      - Eradicate priestly incompetence
      - Purify Church by eradicating abuses
    - - Tackled three major things:
        
        Doctrine - Clarifying Catholic doctrine against the reformers and maintaining Catholic identity.
        
        1. Scripture and Tradition - both the scriptures and the teachings of the Church are authentic as they are both “preserved by unbroken succession” (Council of Trent)
        
        2. Justification - Faith and Good works are necessary “If anyone says the free will of man… does not cooperate” in receiving grace “let them be anathema” (Council of Trent)
        
        3. Sacraments - Distinctly seven “If anyone says… that there are more or less than seven” (Council of Trent)
        
        Discipline - Reforming the Church from the inside to be stronger and purge abuses
        
        1. Seminaries - Mandatory priestly training in each diocese in a seminary - “to train them in church discipline, in a college which the bishop shall choose” (Council of Trent)
        
        2. Sale of indulgences - whilst the authority of the pope to issue indulgences was affirmed, the sale of indulgences was prohibited. The Church decreed “that all evil gains for the obtaining [of indulgences]… be entirely abolished” (Council of Trent).
        
        3. Other abuses was outlawed - e.g. Absenteeism and pluralism, the Council ordered “that Prelates reside in their own Churches” (Council of Trent)
        
        Devotion - Reforming the life of the Church for the life of the Church, to be distinctly Catholic
        
        1. Marriage - Catholic marriage was formalised with the presence of a priest and witnesses necessary, an strictly enforcing monogamy. "If one contracts Marriage otherwise than in the presence of the Parish Priest and of Two or Three Witnesses, it comes to nothing." (Council of Trent)**
        
        2. Mass - The celebration of the Mass was formalised and centralised, local customs an practices were phased out in favour of an official and more tightly regulated Mass. "The Mass shall not be celebrated everywhere in the Vulgar Tongue" (Council of Trent)
      - Three Popes; Pope Paul III, Pope Julius III, Pope Pius IV
      - Clarify Beliefs
      - Distinctly Catholic
      - Purify Church
    - - 1540 - Pope declares followers of Ignatius of Loyola members of the "Jesuits"
      - Loyola's strict approach
        
        Joining required several years of training and a strict code of discipline
        
        This approach helped as the Church now had a reputation of corruption, priestly incompetence and lax morals
      - Jesuits' foundation of schools
        
        Humanistic education thrived alongside religious education
        
        Combined intellectual practice with the affirmation of Catholic theology
        
        Helped as the Protestants had a focus on broader literacy; it showed the Catholic could also spread education
      - Globalising Catholicism
        
        Jesuits undertook globalising the faith as part of their mission
        
        They spread Catholicism to India, Japan, Africa, and the Americas
        
        Studied local languages before approaching people
        
        Drew from local beliefs and compared them to Catholic beliefs
        
        In China, over 100k Catholic converts by 1650
      - Compete with Protestant education
  - - - Cardinal Cajetan lectured Luther on matters of Church doctrine.
      - Failed to recognise Luther's expertise as a Church theologian (Luther did not recant). Who in turn was angered by the debate which only gave him the fuel to empower his beliefs.
      - Luther didn't want to break with the Church nor the Church from Luther (SIMPLE TERMS). Luther wrote to the Pope saying 'nobody could imagine what was to come'.
      - "Cajetan instructed Luther, scolding him like a father" (Armenio)
      - SIlence Luther and his ideas
    - - Luther was invited to have a real public debate in June of 1519 at Leipzig in Germany.
      - Johann Eck forced Luther to explain his ideas in more detail, in which Luther was pushed to the point where he admitted he directly opposed fundamental Church teaching, dismissed papal authority, role of councils as well as the New Testament Epistle of James.
      - "required Luther to expound on his positions more extensively and concretely than ever before" (Armenio)
      - "by the end of the debate Luther's ideas were clearly heretical" (Armenio)
      - Reveal Luther's ideas to be heretical
    - - Archbishop of Mainz demanded action against Luther to Pope Leo X (who deemed that it was an insignificant quarrel and did nothing)
      - Pope Leo X requested for Cardinal Cajetan, head of the Dominican order to send a letter to Luther asking him to cease his actions. This was ineffective. Having actually increased the resolve of Luther.
      - Luther in turn published his resolution on the virtue of indulgences repeating, his claims.
      - "Strong reprimand of Luther" (Armenio)
      - Correct Luther, cause him to remove his arguments
    - - Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine in June 1520.
      - Demanded that Luther recant, take back his teachings, or be excommunicated from the Catholic Church.
      - Luther in turn took his copy of the papal bull and publicly burnt it in a bonfire. Luther suggested that it was symbolic as the Pope should've have been the one burnt in the bonfire.
      - Luther then published a pamphlet called 'Against the Bull of the Antichrist'.
      - "Pope Leo X issued a bull" (Armenio) [called Exsurge Domine (Arise O'Lord)]
      - "cease from all preaching" (Exsurge Domine)
      - "reject completely the books and all the writings" (Exsurge Domine)
    - - Martin Luther sought a debate to lay out his ideas
      - "Pope Leo X considered the critique a minor incident" (Armenio)
      - Luther would go away, fade back into obscurity
    - - The 19 year old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V took over and requested for Luther to answer him at the Diet of Worms (January 1521).
      - Luther was give one final chance to recant but he refused. Luther was then excommunicated.(January 1521)
      - "asked to retract his writings" (Armenio)
  - - - Protestants were invited to Vatican II (1962-1965 to participate) [For the benefit of Ecumenism - general aim of providing unity between Christians]
      - "separated brethren" (Unitatis Redintegratio - 'The restoration of unity')
      - States specifically that "the restoration of unity among all Christians is one of the principal concerns of the Second Vatican Council" (Unitatis Redintegratio)
    - - December 2017, Pope Francis meets with the Lutheran World Federation to promote greater friendship and Ecumenism between the two groups.
      - In June 2018, Pope Francis travels to Geneva to meet the World Council of Churches seeking greater unity, the first pope ever to visit.
    - - The Catholic Church worked with the Luther Churches to commemorate the anniversary in the Lutheran - Catholic Common Commemoration of the Reformation (LCCCR), with a special shared prayer.
      - They agree that "Catholic and Lutherans should always begin from the perspective of unity" (LCCCR)
- - - - "temporal rulers were therefore brought into the affairs of the Church and they resolved to stay" (Claveau)
      - "The Church was not free to carry out its affairs without hindrance until the Council of Trent" (Claveau)
      - "invariably sought the aid of secular powers" (Claveau)
      - "The old unflinching direct authority, exercisable against kings, which had been the glory and the power of such men as Innocent III, three lifetimes earlier, was gone" (Claveau)
    - - "a serious weakening of Papal authority" (Claveau)
      - "the prime condition for Christian unity had disappeared" (Claveau)
      - "lost considerable influence and, in public estimation at least, lost much of its independent and international character." (Claveau)
      - "there was a weakening of moral authority in the temporal and spiritual organisation of the Church" (Cleaveau 2004)
  - - - 36 - If truly repentant, "right to full remission of penalty and guilt" (Thesis 36) (without indulgences)
      - 82 - Pope should "empty purgatory for the sake of holy love" (Thesis 82)
      - 43 - "he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy" (Thesis 43) is better than he who buys indulgences
      - 66 - Indulgences are "nets with which one now fishes for the wealth of men" (Thesis 66)
  - - - "self seeking and spiritually unqualified" (Claveau)
      - "quality of the Church seriously declined in the latter fourteenth century" (Claveau)
      - "The Black Death tore through the body of Christendom and left an undying memory of its horror' (Claveau)
      - NEPOTISM: "The sons of nobles, idle and self-indulgent, often were made abbots of extensive monasteries. The daughters of the rich who sought positions of power and prestige entered convents" (Claveau)
      - "mysticism and superstitious practices" (Claveau)
      - "the new recruits who rushed into holy orders often were self-seeking and spiritually unqualified" (Claveau)
    - - At Avignon, (Jan- April 1348) 62,000 persons are alleged to have perished - half the population.
      - "In five months Florence and its suburbs lost 100,000 citizens" (Claveau)
      - "All Europe lived through 30 months of terror" (Claveau)
    - - "slow division... of a united Europe into separate nations" (Claveau)
      - "The Black Death caused a separation of peoples" (Claveau)
- - - - Most of the Church responses in the first few years of the Reformation were intended to suppress Luther.
      - Instead, almost all of the responses antagonised him and led to distrust and division.
        
        Luther is pushed further away from reconciliation.
    - - "it is satan and his antichrist" (Luther)
      - "I do not accept the authority of the popes or the councils" (Luther)
      - "He wears a triple crown, while the greatest kings wear but a single crown" (Luther)
      - Upon receiving a copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, Luther publicly burns it along with a copy of canon law.
    - - "by the end of the debate Luther's ideas were clearly heretical" (Armenio)
      - The Church's actions made Luther "firmer in his sense of righteousness" (Armenio)
  - - - "Europe remained divided - a patchwork of Catholic and Protestant states" (Fiona MacDonald)
      - Thirty Year War (1618-1648) - 8 million deaths, including famine and violence. Central European power struggle
      - German Peasants War (1524-24) - 100,000 deaths
      - St Bartholomew's day massacre (1572) - Catholic mob violence against Huguenots, killing and estimates 20,000 (Henry White)
    - - The Jesuit system of schools marks significantly influenced the beginning of state education from the 16th Century. "At Ignatius' death there were over thirty colleges for lay youths"
        (Evanett)
      - Great cooperation between Catholic, Christian, and state education systems in Australia, with 34% of students in Catholic schools being non-Catholic (National Catholic Education Commission)
      - Catholic schools account for the education of "one in five Australian students" (NCEC)
      - One in ten patients in hospital in Australia is cared for in a Catholic hospital (Catholic Health Australia)
    - - Pope Francis' continued efforts in ecumenism have yielded positive relationships with other religious communities.
      - In 2015 a survey by Lifeway Research of 1000 Pastors in USA was conducted. (42% value Pope Francis' opinion on theology) + (63% responded that they see Pope Francis as a genuine Christian brother.)
  - - - There were multiple other reformers who followed in Luther's path:
        
        England (1534) - Church of England (Henry VII)
        
        Switzerland - Calvinist (John Calvin)
        
        France - Huguenots
      - Massive loss of adherents: "Germany was a disaster zone, perhaps 80% protestant" (Marshall)
    - - Significant increase in the quality of the clergy because of the mandate that every diocese has a seminary for priestly training.
        
        "The aspiration for a disciplined and educated priesthood was a cornerstone of Catholic reform" (Marshall)
      - The Church is purified because of the abolition of abuses such as absenteeism, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences, leading to "vigorous renewal" (Armenio)
      - There was a significant rise in legalism in the Catholic Church because of the precise definitions of trent and other documents such as the Roman Missal
      - This also led to a loss of ritual diversity with local eucharistic rites banned in favour of the Latin celebration
    - - Initially the Church lost massive amounts of Germany (80%) along with other schisms with huge losses of adherents
      - In the long run, many parts of Germany and Europe "were recovered and re-Catholicism" (Marshall)
      - The Church's focus on renewal led to new members and adherents through missionary work, "the harvest of souls in new worlds compensated for their loss in the old" (Marshal)
      - There is a new wave of adherents demonstrating heroic virtue and being hailed as saints, such as St Ignatius of Loyola, St Charles Borromeo, St Teresa of Avila, etc.