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What sustainable fuels can be used for production of energy in developing…

- - - - Oil and Petroleum are formed via anaerobic decay of microorganisms, plants and marine animals
      - Coal is formed via anaerobic decay of plants
      - Natural gas is formed via anaerobic decay of microorganisms, plants and marine animals
    - - Highly efficient - produce large amounts of energy to power vehicles factories, houses and more due to their high calorific values
      - Easily and commonly found - multiple sites all around the world
      - Easy to transport - Can be transported from the source to where it is needed, rather than other sources of energy such as wind and solar energy
      - Reliable source of energy - does not rely on environmental factors (such as weather)
    - - Non-renewable source - since fossil fuels form over millions of years, there is a finite supply of them
      - Lead to global warming - fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases, which in excess, lead to global warming. This has multiple effects such as loss of ecosystems, rising sea-levels causing flooding of coastal towns and more frequent extreme weather events
      - Highly unsustaintable
      - Fluctuating costs - As a large majority of fossil fuels are sourced from several select countries, the industry is subject to an unstable market with frequent price fluctuations, impacting consumers.
  - - - Bioethanol is produced through anaerobic respiration and enzymatic activity in plants.
      - Crop-waste can be recycled from the agricultural industry. Some examples of crop waste are rice husks, coconut husks and sugar cane
      - Used cooking oil (UCO) is waste product from oils used in the cooking, as its name suggests. These oils can be reccycled from household and commercial settings and include vegetable oil, canola oil and peanut oil.
      - Algae is a microorganism fround in quaatic environmetns that can undergo combustion to be used as a fuel
      - Animal fats such as pig fat can also undergo combustion to be used as fuel. These can be taken from waste products from the agricultural industry.
    - - Renewable source - since biofuels grow naturally, they can easily be replenished, meaning there is an almost unlimited supply.
      - Much more sustainable than fossil-fuels
      - Less greenhouse gases - biofuels produce less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, resulting in less global warming. This is due to the greater likelihood of complete combustion, especially in bioethanol.
    - - May lead to more deforestation - More land may be cleared for agrigucultrual purposes in order to cultivate more biofuels. This can lead to loss of habitats for native animals
      - Less efficient - biofuels tend to produce less energy per mole than fossil fuels
      - Cost - biofuels tend to have higher costs due to the recycling and refining processes required to prepare waste products for commercial use
- - - - The energy source (fuel) is placed underneath a container of water and the fuel is ignited. The fuel is allowed to combust until the water temperature increases by a certain amount. The amount of energy absorbed by the water is then calculated to determine how much energy the fuel released.
      - Advantages: Easy to set-up, inexpensive resources
      - Disadvantages - poor insulation so large amount of heat is lost to environment, cannot guarantee purity of oxygen
    - - The fuel undergoes combustion in an oxygen-rich environment inside a steely cylinder. The water absorbs heat and the amountt of energy it absorbs is calculated to determine how much was released by the fuel.
      - Advantages - well-insulated, allows for complete combustion due to oxgygen
      - Disadvantages - expensive equipment needed
- - - - A thermometer will be used to constantly monitor the water temperature, so that the flame will be extinguished after an increase of 20 degrees Celsius
    - - A measuring cylinder will be used to measure exactly 100mL of water
    - - Scales will be used to weigh approimately 20g of oil to begin with
    - - The same set-up will be used for each trial, without moving any of the components (i.e. same can, same distance between fuel and water, same draft shield)