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organic chem!, petroleum - Coggle Diagram
organic chem!
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
- homologous series of organic acids which have the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group
- CnH2n+1COOH
properties
physical prop
- vv soluble in water
- b.p ↑ down sereis
chemical
- weak acids as they ionise partially in water
- have acidic properties due to hydrogen ions produced
react w:
- reactive metals -> salt + H2 gas
- carbonate -> salt + CO2 + H2O
- base -> salt + water
- alcohol -> ester + water
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esters:
- sweet-smelling, colourless liquids that are insoluble in water
- contain the -COO- functional grp
esterification:
- mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid mixed tgt, warmed w a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst)
- result is an immiscible mixture of the ester and water+sulfuric acid
uses:
- used as solvents for cosmetics and glue
- in preparation of perfumes
ALKENES
- hydrocarbons that contain one or more C=C bonds
(unsaturated)
- CnH2n
- contain C=C functional grp
properties
physical prop: SMS
- low m.p and b.p (weak IMF)
- insoluble in water
- soluble in organic solvents
- first 4 exist as gases at r.t
down the grp:
- Mr ↑; IMF ↑
- m.p and b.p ↑
- vicosity ↑
- flammability ↓
% of C ↑ = harder to burn = smokier flame producedgrp:
chemical prop
combustion
- alkenes contain relatively higher % of C -> burn w sootier flame
addition
- C=C bonds vv reactive
- readily undergo addition rctns:
- unsaturated organic compound combines w another substance to form a single new compound
hydrogenation +hydrogen -> alkane
hydration +steam -> alcohol
- 300deg, 60atm, H3PO4 (phosphoric(V) acid)
bromination +Br2 -> dibromoalkane
- aq Br
eg. C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2
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addition polymerisation
- monomers units join tgt wo losing any molecules/atoms
- high temp and pressure, catalyst
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produced by: cracking petroleum
- high temp, solid catalysts (aluminium oxide and silicone dioxide
long chain alkanes -> short chain alkenes + short chain alkanes/ hydrogen gas
short chain alkenes: make ethanol and plastics (higher demand)
hydrogen: manufacture of ammonia -> fertilisers
importance: converts hydrocarbons of higher Mr into smaller molecules which are in higher demand
eg catalytic cracking of diesel and lubricating oils produces petrol which is in higher demand
fats and oils
-
manufacture of margarine:vege oil -> margarine
- hydrogen, 200deg, Ni catalyst
- -2H atoms = + 1 C=C
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ALKANES
- hydrocarbons that contain only C-C single covalent bonds (saturated)
- CnH2n+2
- no functional group
properties
physical prop: SMS
- low m.p and b.p (weak IMF)
- insoluble in water
- soluble in organic solvents
- first 4 exist as gases in r.t
down the grp:
- Mr ↑; IMF ↑
- m.p and b.p ↑
- vicosity ↑
- flammability ↓
% of C ↑ = harder to burn = smokier flame produced
chemical prop
combustion:
- burn in excess air to produce CO2 and H2O (g)
- highly exothermic -> used as fuels
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
substitution:
- reach w halogens in the presence of UV light
e.g. CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) -UV-> CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)
isomers same molecular formula but diff structural formula -> diff physical properties
alkyls - CnH2n+1
ALCOHOLS
homologous series of SATURATED organic compounds that have hydroxyl ( -OH) functional grp
- contain C, H, O molecules
- CnH2n+1OH
properties
physical prop:
- volatile liquids at room temp
- neither acidic or alkaline -> dissolve in water to form neutral solution
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chemical prop
-
oxidation
- alcohols oxidised to carboxylic acid when heated with O.A like KMnO4
alcohol + oxygen from O.A -heat-> carboxylic acid + water
uses:
- as solvents in industries bcs it can dissolve things water cannot eg hydrocarbons
- breathalysers
ethanol
producing ethanol
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fermentation:
- of carbohydrates in fruits, veg, grain
- alcohol fermentation micro-organisms eg yeast act on carbohydrates eg glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and CO2
glucose -yeast-> ethanol + CO2
preparation:C6H12O6 (aq) --yeast, 37deg--> 2CH5OH (aq) + CO2 (g)
- white ppt formed in limewater due to presence of CO2
- dilute solution of ethanol is produced
- higher conc cannot cos then yeast will die and fermentation stops
- ethanol extracted using F.D -> higher conc of alcohol / pure alcohol produced
- limewater acts as air lock
- if temp >37, enzymes will be denatured and fermentation stops
- alcoholic drinks turn sour when exposed to air cos ethanol oxidised to ethanoic acid
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uses:
- in alcoholic drinks
- as a solvent in paints
- fuel for cars
intro
homologous series - family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
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MACROMOLECULES
- vv large molecule that is made group of many small molecules
polymer:
- type of long chain macromolecule that is covalently linked tgt by many small repeat units called monomers
polymerisation
addition polymerisation
- got double covalent bonds
- addition polymers are good insulators of heat and electricity and are resistant to chemical attack
uses:
- poly(ethene) - plastic toys
- Perspex - windscreen of cars
condensation polymerisation
- by reacting two different types of monomers
- a small molecule is also produced as the by-product
polyamides
nylon:
- synthetic polyamide
- monomers: dicarboxylic acid and diamine
polymers
terylene:
- synthetic polyester
- monomers: dicarboxylic acid and diol
uses:
- shrink-proof and crease-proof
- parachutes
plastics
+ves: relatively cheap and durable
-ves: land, air, and water pollution
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