Explain Realism
Definitions
States are the primary actors in the international system
States are rational actors and act in pursuit of their national interests, typically emphasizing survival and security.
The international system is characterized by anarchy, meaning there is no overarching authority or world government to enforce rules and resolve disputes
States seek to maximize their power and influence to protect their interests and achieve security.
The balance of power is a critical
The balance of power is a critical mechanism to prevent the dominance of any one state and maintain stability in the system
Cooperation among states is possible but often driven by self-interest and the pursuit of relative gains.
Important Terms
Related to Realism
Anarchy: The absence of a central authority in the international system
Security Dilemma: The notion that one state's efforts to enhance its security can inadvertently threaten the security of other states, leading to mistrust and potential conflict
Balance of Power: The distribution of power among states to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant.
Power Politics: The use of power and strategic behavior by states to achieve their national interests
Self-Help: The idea that states must rely on their own capabilities and resources to survive and achieve their objectives.
Founders
Thucydides (Ancient Greek historian)
Father of Realism
Niccolò Machiavelli (Italian Renaissance philosopher)
Thomas Hobbes (English philosopher)
E.H. Carr (English historian)
Hans Morgenthau
(German-American political scientist)
Hans Morgenthau's Six
Principles of Political Realism
Politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature
Realism emphasizes the role of power as the central factor in international politics
National interest is defined in terms of power.
Realism recognizes the autonomy of politics from ethics
Realism is based on the principle of prudence in policy-making
Realism recognizes the importance of distinguishing between the moral aspirations of different nations
Types
Classical
Realism
Focuses on the role of human nature and individual leaders' characteristics in shaping state behavior.
Neorealism
Structural Realism
Emphasizes the impact of the international system's structure on state behavior, with a particular focus on the distribution of power among states.
Criticism
Simplistic Assumptions: Critics argue that realism's focus on power and self-interest oversimplifies complex international relations
Neglect of Non-State Actors: Realism's exclusive focus on states may overlook the growing influence of non-state actors in global affairs
Neglect of Domestic Factors: Realism may underestimate the significance of domestic factors, public opinion, and domestic institutions in shaping foreign policy decisions.
Tendency Towards Conflict: Some critics argue that realism's emphasis on power competition and self-interest can lead to a state of perpetual conflict among nations.