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Social and Ethical Issues - Coggle Diagram
Social and Ethical Issues
Evolution of Software Applications
Command Line Interface
Text based
Present prompts for user to enter commands/inputs
A series of commands can be stored in 'batch' files
Graphical User interface
Developed in 1970's, for businesses
First commercially available - Apple I
'Bit-mapped' program, rather than text-based
Spreadsheets/Presentation
VisiCalc was the first online spreadsheet
Input processing and output merged in a single interface
scrolling capabilities
instant recalculation of cells
Inclusion of status/formula line
Replicate ranges to other range
Formulas entered easily and simply
Cursor moves can select cells and ranges
Slideshows and Multimedia
Email
Used
before
the internet - thorugh the ARPANET
Always encoded as text characters, even if an image
Sent using Simple Mail Transport Protocol
No restrictions on whom can send emails to who
Web browsers
First web browser was developed in 1990: CERN
During the middle 90s, there was competition between Netscape and Microsoft over dominance in web browser function.
Netscape and Amaya were or eventually became open-source programs
Search Engines
Original data transfer was through the File Transfer Protocol
ALIWEB was the first dictionary of URL's, which were submitted as entries
Excite provided the first search function for individual webs
AI
Intellectual Property -
a result of mental efforts
All property is protected by law, including intellectual
All products are covered by the copyright law, even if there are no licence agreements or copyright notices
Software Licence Agreements
Licence: formal permission to use the product
Agreement: a mutual arrangement or contract
Term: period of time the agreement is in force
Warranty: assurance of some sort - guarantee
Limited use: there is restricted use on most products
Liability: obligation or debt as a consequence of some event
Program: the computer software
Reverse engineer: decompiling the program, to use for other purposes
Backup copy: a copy of software made for archival purposes
Licence Agreements Categories:
Commerical
Covered by copyright
Source code
not
distributed
One archival copy permitted
cannot be distributed, modified or reverse-engineered
Shareware
Covered by copyright
archival copies may be made
cannot be modified/reverse engineered
Source code
not
distributed
Freeware
Covered by copyright
copies can be made
distribution, modifications are allowed. Modifications must be freeware as well
Source code may/not be shared
Public Domain
Not covered by copyright
modifications and copies can be made
source code may/not be distributed
Open Source
Covered by copyright, but open source licences result in many copyright conditions to be removed, such as modifications and distribution
Author must be recognised
modifications must also be open source
Site Licence:
Covered by copyright
certain number of machines only can use the software
Extend commercial/shareware licences
Creative Commons
alters copyright laws
commonly for artistic works, such as photographs, film, music, etc
may be distributed as long as original creator is credited
Social Context of Software Design
Ergonomics
Aims to create an environment which caters to the physical, emotional and psychological aspects of the work experience.
Ergonomically sound environments boost moral and increase productivity
Equity in Access
Areas of Disadvantage
Blind - colour-blind mode, bigger font, etc
Deaf
Consistency
Settings: standard across all stages of program
Use colours sparingly, to not ovewhelm the user
Simplicity in design and elements is the most user friendly
Method for reversing actions
Wording of functions and messages to the user should be consistent
Ergonomics: how humans interact with their work environment
Inclusivity: software must cater for a range of different people groups