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Social and Ethical Issues - Coggle Diagram
Social and Ethical Issues
Evolution of software applications
Command line and GUI
Command line interfaces are text based
GUIs have largely replaced CLIs
GUI were uncommon before personalised computuers
Legal battle over GUI between apple and Microsoft
Internet Applications
first developed in the 1970's
Email
origins predate the internet
the @ symbol was created to seperate the name from the computer name
general format hasn't change much since 1970
email messages are sent across the Internet using SMTP (Simple mail transport protocol)
SMTP relays messages across servers until it reaches it's destination
POP or IMAP are used to recieve the message
privacy concerns are a result of the requirement that SMTP moves across servers
With thousands of messages hopping between servers, many not being read, a lot of spam messages were sent
Web browsers
first developed at CERN, switzerland by Tim Berners-Lee
Web was an efficient way for researchers to share info
1990-1992, internet mainly used for academic purposes
1994, 3 million servers were running
Battle for market share between Netscape and Microsoft in 1996
1998, Microsoft dominated. Netscape bought by America Online and turned into Firefox
Search Engines
1990, Primary method of transferring files was via FTP (File transport Protocol)
FTP severs acted as repositaries
Archie, first ever search engine
Gopher servers contained text-based documents. e.g. Jughead & Veronica
1993, Matthew Gray released World Wide Web Wanderer = robot that searched the URLs from the web and delivered them to the destination
Wanderings meant less efficiency and the robot would visit the same page over and over. Modifications had to be made
ALIWEB = directory of URLs
Excite = robot that gathers info from websites
These robots were nicknames "spiders"
"Spider" based robots started appearing everywhere on the Web
Galaxy, 1994, was created. Galaxy = web directory and split off into subdirectories in hierarchical order
Galaxy allowed users to find info quickly about a certain topic
Spreadsheets and presentations software
Spreadsheets
Intellectual Property
copyright
types of software licenses
legal aspects
Intellectual property rights are protected by laws of copyright
for copyright laws not to apply, developer must state that the product is in the public domain and all copyrights have been relinquished
The Copyright act 1968, with various amendments explains the copyright law
Use of software covered by license agreement
commercial
Shareware
Freeware
Public domain
Open source license
Site license
creative common license
sources of code and license conditions that apply
Internet
participants in popular language groups include both novice and experienced
Users are encouraged to relinquish their copyrights when posting modules of code
apart from source code, these groups are a great place to share programming experiences and to gain advice on problems you may encourter
Books and magazine
source code in books are generally a tutorial
Textbooks dedicated to a specific language can be a good way of obtaining new insights
Protection
Social context of software design
Ergonomics
effectiveness of screen design
products that have excellent function but lack the looks won't be popular
most important aspect of most software products
ease of use
Good UI's are easy to use
elements that are logically connected should be grouped
Navigation between screens should follow the natural flow of the task
appropriate messages to user
Primary method applications use to communicate problems
messages should imply that the user is in control, Not the software
wording of messages should be consistant
consistency of UI
most important aspect is consitency of UI
e.g. buttons placed in the same place, colour scheme etc
allows users to transfer skills from other applications and areas of your application to be transferred to new areas
Study of the relationship between human workers and their work environment
A common ergonomic computer-using issue is Repetitive Strain injury
Inclusitivity
cultural background
gender
disability
economic background
Privacy
Protecting individuals data and identity
Equity in Access