Since then, many concepts and meanings have appeared (Gunderson 2000), as well as interpretations and applications. Walker et al. (2002) asserted that there were three characteristics of ecological resilience: the capacity to absorb disturbances, to self-organise, and to learn and adapt. Folke et al. (2004) were more interested in aspects than features, and argued that there were four aspects to ecological resilience: latitude (width), resistance (height), precariousness, and cross-scale relations. Berkes and Folke (1998) and Adger (2003) extended the concept to include the social dimension, which is described in the proceeding section. Meanwhile, Brock et al. (2002) and Perrings (2006) added an economic element to investigate ecological-economic resilience, by exploring the function of consumption and production, as well as resource allocation.