Access to clean cooking is closely linked to the level of economic development and urbanization rate. The most effective way to reduce Household Air Pollution (HAP) is by switching to modern clean fuels (e.g., electricity, natural gas, LPG, ethanol, and biogas). For rural areas where fuel switching may not be immediately feasible, focusing on modernizing the biomass fuel sector and promoting improved biomass stoves, ventilation, and behavior change can effectively lower HAP in the near term.