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What I already know Year 8 Term 3 2023, Trade in Medieval Europe (2023).…
What I already know Year 8 Term 3 2023
Medieval Times
Medieval Times: 5th to 15th century AD.
Feudal System: Dominant social structure.
Knights and Chivalry: Noble warriors.
Castles: Fortified defences.
Crusades: Religious wars.
Guilds: Trade associations.
Black Death: Deadly pandemic.
Gothic Architecture: Pointed arches and buttresses.
Manuscripts: Handwritten books.Church Influence: Central role in society.
Renaissance: Marked the era's end.
Medieval Towns
Medieval towns were built in the vicinity of the castle
A protective wall was built that enclosed both the castle and the town.
Town residents paid rent to the lord for protection.
Work freedom and flexible hours, as long as Lord's rent paid, kept him happy.
Medieval visitors paid a 'toll' at the gatehouse.
Craftsmen, merchants, and houses built inside walls, with a central church or town hall in the square.
Transient market traders set up stalls in the town centre.
Medieval town halls served as administrative centers, making rules and addressing people's concerns.
Ancient Rome
Charlamagne
Charlemagne: Medieval ruler (747/748 - 814 AD).
Frankish King: United Frankish territories into an empire.
Holy Roman Emperor: Crowned by the Pope in 800 AD.
Carolingian Renaissance: Focused on arts, culture, and education.
Feudal System: Established strong centralized rule.
Expansion: Expanded the Frankish Empire through conquests.
Cultural Integration: Encouraged blending of Roman and Germanic cultures.
Legacy: Considered one of Europe's greatest medieval rulers.
Workers
Professionals formed guilds to protect rights, ensure fair prices, maintain standards, and exclude unlicensed competition.
Growing cities had diverse skilled workers selling goods in medieval shopping streets.
Informal learning from parents, formal apprenticeships with skilled masters.
An apprentice was not usually paid but did receive their food, lodgings and clothing.
Teens or even younger, boys and girls embarked on apprenticeships to learn trades.
Children as young as 7 years old were becoming aprencites
Black Death
Came From the Gobi dessert in China where the first out brake was
The disease was spread around from rats, fleas and ticks, ect
1/3 of Europe was wiped out due to the disease
The Worst Hit Areas were Mountainous and Isolated Places
Royalty Were Not Immune to Its Effects
Devastating Disease
Catholic Church
The Pope held immense power and influence.
The Church had a structured hierarchy of bishops, priests, and monks.
Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cistercians were widespread.
Sacraments, such as baptism and Holy Communion, were vital for salvation.
Religious festivals and feasts were central to medieval society.
Gothic cathedrals were iconic architectural masterpieces.
Fall of the Roman Empire
Division and Disintegration: The empire split into East and West, with the West eventually falling in 476 AD.
Economic Crisis: High taxes, inflation, and economic decline.
Political Instability: Internal strife and frequent changes in leadership.
Barbarian Invasions: Invasions by Germanic tribes weakened Roman defences.
Fall of the Roman Empire: Decline and collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
Hierarchy
Division and Collapse: The hierarchical structure weakened, eventually contributing to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
Economic Crisis: Economic challenges led to societal instability.
Political Instability: Internal power struggles and leadership changes.
Barbarian Invasions: Germanic tribes' invasions weakened the hierarchical system.
Fall of the Roman Hierarchy: Decline and disintegration of Roman social and political structure.
Hygiene
Meals were eaten without utensils, so washing hands before and after eating was customary.
Soap and alkaline solutions, like lime and salt mixtures, were used for washing and hair cleansing.
Regularly changing and washing of clothing that came in close contact to their skin
Handwashing was a wide spread occurence int he middle ages.
Many Ancient romans went to 'The Baths' as a substitute for being clean
Jobs
Jobs: Varied roles in medieval society.
Knights: Warriors who served nobles and protected the realm.
Nobles: Rulers, landowners, and military leaders.
Peasants: Farmers and laborers working the land.
Clergy: Religious leaders, priests, and monks in the Church.
Merchants: Traders and businessmen in bustling towns.
Craftsmen: Skilled artisans creating goods like armor, pottery, and textiles.
Serfs: Tied to the land, working for lords in exchange for protection.
Minstrels: Entertainers who sang, played music, and told stories.
Scribes: Scholars who copied and preserved ancient texts.
Apothecaries: Provided medicines and healing remedies.
Blacksmiths: Forged weapons, tools, and armour.
Architecture/Houses
Ancient Rome Architecture: Known for monumental structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts.
Roman Houses: Domus for wealthy citizens, insulae for common people.
Domus: Lavish residences with atriums, courtyards, and frescoes.
Domus: Lavish residences with atriums, courtyards, and frescoes.
Forum: Civic centers for social, political, and economic activities.
Roman Baths: Public bathing and socializing places.
Roman Villas: Country houses with gardens and mosaics.
Arches and Vaults: Used in construction, showcased in buildings.
Amphitheaters: Outdoor venues for events, gladiator contests.
Roman Roads: Efficient road network across the empire.
Ancient Europe Architecture: Diverse styles across different regions and civilizations.
Celtic Architecture: Known for hill forts and roundhouses.
Greek Architecture: Characterized by temples like the Parthenon and columns like Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Norse Houses: Longhouses made of timber, used by Vikings.
Romanesque Architecture: Prevalent in medieval Europe, known for thick walls and rounded arches.
Vernacular Architecture: Regional styles adapted to local materials and climates.
Monasteries: Religious centers with simple and ornate architecture.
Gothic Architecture: Evolved from Romanesque, with pointed arches and stained glass windows.
Timber Framing: Common construction method in Northern Europe.
Stone Castles: Medieval fortifications and residences for nobles.
Animals
Horses: Vital for transportation, agriculture, and warfare, knights rode them into battle.
Cattle: Used for plowing fields, providing milk, meat, and leather.
Sheep: Raised for wool and meat; wool was a valuable commodity for trade.
Pigs: Kept for meat and acted as scavengers, consuming waste.
Chickens: Provided eggs and meat; their feathers were also used.
Hunting: Popular among the nobility for sport and as a source of food.
Falconry: Falcons and other birds of prey were trained for hunting.
Dogs: Used for herding livestock, guarding, and hunting.
Cats: Helped control rodent populations in homes and barns.
Wildlife: Forests and wilderness were inhabited by various animals, some of which faced extinction due to overhunting.
Taxes
Land Taxes: Based on land size or productivity.
Burdensome: Excessive taxes caused grievances.
Tariffs: Taxes on goods and imports.
Tax Exemptions: Privileged groups were exempt.
Tithes: Church tax for religious purposes.
Revenue Source: Crucial income for rulers.
Taxes: Mandatory payments to rulers.
A typical Day
A Day in the Life of a Medieval European Townsman:
Morning: Rise at dawn; bells from the local church mark the start of the day.
Work and Trade: Engage in various trades, such as blacksmithing, weaving, or selling goods in the market.
Daily Chores: Tend to household chores, like fetching water from a communal well and preparing meals.
Midday: Break for the main meal, usually a simple fare of bread, vegetables, and perhaps some meat.
Church and Prayers: Attend evening prayers at the local church; religion is central to daily life.
Afternoon: Return to work or attend guild meetings for trade regulations and support.
Leisure: Enjoy socializing at taverns, playing games, or listening to minstrels' performances.
Curfew: Return home before nightfall, as the town gates are closed for safety.
Evening: Spend time with family, storytelling, or reading if literate.
Sleep: Retire to bed early to conserve candlelight; sleep on straw mattresses or wooden beds.
Throughout the Day: Witness the hustle and bustle of market vendors, travelers passing through, and children playing in the streets.
Sleep: Retire to bed early to conserve candlelight; sleep on straw mattresses or wooden beds.
Symbols
Heraldry: Coats of arms were crucial symbols for nobles and knights, representing their lineage and achievements.
Cross: The Christian cross symbolized faith, redemption, and was a central religious emblem.
Fleur-de-lis: Emblem of royalty and purity.
Saints and Icons: Images in religious art.
Pentagram: Mystical and protective star.
Green Man: Symbol of nature's rebirth and fertility.
Sun and Moon: Representing celestial forces and cycles.
Triquetra: Three-cornered knot symbolizing unity.
Chalice and Grail: Symbols of the Eucharist and Holy Grail quest.
Pope
Apostolic Succession: Traced to Saint Peter.
Papal Encyclicals: Official letters on Church matters.
Papal Mitre: Distinctive hat.
Papal Audience: Public blessings and guidance.
Papal Infallibility: Free from error on faith and morals.
Ecumenical Relations: Dialogues with other Christian denominations.
Vatican City: Resides there.
Pope: Head of Catholic Church.
Agriculture
Agriculture was the backbone of medieval society.
Feudal system: Land was owned by nobles and worked by peasants in exchange for protection and a share of the harvest.
Three-field system: Common agricultural practice, dividing land into three parts for rotation of crops.
Limited technology: Farming relied on basic tools like plows, sickles, and scythes.
Manorial system: Peasants lived on manors, large estates controlled by lords, where they worked the land.
Crops: Common crops included wheat, barley, oats, and vegetables.
Livestock: Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs, and chickens were raised for food, wool, and labour.
Seasonal labour: Farming activities were dictated by seasons, with busy periods during planting and harvest.
Famine and hardships: Crop failures and extreme weather led to food shortages and difficult living conditions.
Slow agricultural progress: Innovations and advancements were limited during this period.
Famine
Crop failures due to unfavourable weather and poor farming practices were common triggers of famine.
Famine was a recurrent and devastating occurrence in medieval times.
Limited Food Storage: Lack of advanced preservation methods led to food shortages during non-growing seasons.
War and Conflict: Conflicts and invasions disrupted food production and distribution, exacerbating food shortages.
Disease Outbreaks: Epidemics like the Black Death further strained resources and contributed to famines.
Lack of Trade Networks: Isolated regions faced greater vulnerability as they couldn't access food from other areas.
Social Inequality: The nobility and wealthy could afford to hoard food, leaving the poor to suffer the most during famines.
Famine Relief: Churches and monasteries played a role in providing assistance and charity during these times.
Starvation and Mortality: Famine led to widespread malnutrition, disease, and increased mortality rates.
Medieval Trades
Medieval Trades: Diverse professions supporting society.
Blacksmiths: Crafting metal tools, weapons, and armor.
Carpenters: Building structures and furniture from wood.
Weavers: Creating textiles and fabrics on looms.
Masons: Constructing buildings and cathedrals with stone.
Millers: Operating mills to grind grains into flour.
Bakers: Making bread and baked goods for the community.
Brewers: Producing ale and beer for consumption.
Tailors: Designing and sewing garments for individuals.
Coppersmiths: Working with copper to make utensils and items.
Glassblowers: Crafting glassware and decorative objects.
Trade in Medieval Europe (2023). UNESCO Archives.
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1301/trade-in-medieval-europe/#google_vignette
Medieval Trade (2023). UNESCO Archives.
https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Trades/
Medieval Towns (2023). Medieval Chronicles.
https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-life/medieval-towns/