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superpowers- EQ1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Emerging power
        -An emerging power is a country that has increasing influence but is not yet dominant.
        -We can refer to the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as emerging powers.
- - - - FDI and TNCs
        The world’s largest economies are economic superpowers because they control investment.
        -Most Foreign Direct Investment is directed towards these ten countries because a TNC investing here is likely to make more profit. This is because the consumer market is so large.
        -Most of the world's biggest companies are from the USA or China. Apple, Microsoft, Amazon and Google are from America and Tencent (own part of Fortnite) and Alibaba are from China.
  - - - Alibaba
        -Alibaba is like the Amazon of China. It was founded by Jack Ma (pictured).
  - - - Russia
        -Russia is an example of a country where size has been a key characteristic to superpower status.
        -Russia is the world’s largest country and controls significant resources as a result of its size.
        -The size of Russia may also prove important in the future with the Arctic region. As climate change makes it possible to exploit some of the previously untapped natural resources. The Arctic is mainly under Russian & Canadian control.
        -The state-controlled oil company Rosneft has spent $1.74 billion in Arctic exploration since 2012 and will invest another $4.35 billion between 2017-2021.
        -Russia contains 11% of the world's landmass, and has 145 million inhabitants.
        
        USA
        -The USA is very large and is the 3rd largest country in the world by area.
        -It is very rich in natural resources (in steel and oil)
        -Having a large country and large population size means that US companies have a very large domestic market. They can sell to lots of consumers and this can let these TNCs benefit from economies of scale.
        
        The British Empire
        The British Empire saw Britain colonise much of the world, with or without those nations' consent. Nowadays, people claim the IMF and World Bank engage in 'neocolonialism'. In 1945, the British Empire included
        
        The Arctic
        The Arctic will be a region of strategic importance going forward because it is so rich in oil, gas and minerals. A lot of the Arctic is uninhabitable for humans.
- - - - Singapore - small population
        -However, there are plenty of examples where countries have risen to become superpowers or regional powers without a large population.
        -Singapore is an example of this. It is a regional power with major influence in South Asia yet it has a population of only 5.6 million. This suggests that demographics are not the only thing that matters.
  - - - The USA
        -The USA was very rich in Iron and Steel, which were very important in its development in the late 1800s.
        -John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil was so powerful from 1870-1911 that it had to be broken up.
        -Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company had a huge amount of power in the steel industry.
        
        Africa
        -However, much of Africa has huge resource reserves but these have caused conflict and hindered development further.
        -Corruption can mean that the gains do not accrue to the country.
        -TNCs can manage many natural resource reserves and countries may not receive many benefits. In Nigeria, Shell and BP have developed many Nigerian oil fields.
        -Dutch disease can lead to currency appreciation because of the export of resources like oil. This can stop a nation exporting any other goods and services.