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History what I already know Year 8 Term 3 2023 - Coggle Diagram
History what I already know Year 8 Term 3 2023
Feudalism
Decline
Gave way to more centralised and bureaucratic systems of governance
Factors to decline
Serfs leaving
Growth of polite culture
Rise of a centralised monarchy
Introduction of firearms
Rise of nationalism and bureaucracy
Barbarian raids stopped
Food stacks increased
Introduction of currency
People began to drift away from the manors to start new lives in towns, many of which had developed near castles
Black Death
Aristocracy or elite societies wanted democracy - leading to Magna Carta
Social, economic and political system that emerged in Europe during Middle Ages
Hierarchy
King, lands and nobles, knights and other vassals, serfs/peasants respectively
Monarch would gift land to vassals (lords and nobles) in exchange for loyalty, military services and support during conflict. The lords and nobles would then in return gift their land to knights and other lower class vassals in exchange for military service and protection of lords
Peasants/serfs
Lowest class of feudal system
Bound to land and lord in system called serfdom
Offered stability and protection during political turmoil and invasion
Resulted in rigid social systems and limited opportunities for social mobility
Renaissance
Fervent period of European cultural artistic, political and economic 'rebirth' following the Middle Ages
Promoted rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art
Advancements
Literature and Education
Explanation and Trade
Printing Revolution
Scientific Advancements
Humanism
Enclosure Movement
Crop Diversification
Improved Plows
Water and Windmills
Geniuses
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
Italian painter, architect and inventor
Painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Desiderius Erasmus
1466-1536
Scholar from Holland
Defined humanist movement in northern Europe and translated New Testament into Greek
Rene Descartes
1596-1650
French philosopher and mathematician
Regarded as father of modern philosophy
"I think, therefore I am"
Galileo
1564-1642
Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer
Pioneering work with telescopes
Described moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543
Mathematician and astronomer
Made first modern scientific argument for concept of heliocentric solar system
Thomas Hobbes
1588-1679
English philosopher
Author of 'Leviathon'
Geoffrey Chancer
1343-1400
English poet
Author of 'The Canterbury Tales'
Giotto
1266-1337
Italian painter and architect
Realistic depictions of human emotions inspired many future artists
Best known for his frescoes in Scrovegni Chapel in Padua
Dante
1265-1337
Italian philosopher, poet, writer and political thinker
Authored 'The Divine Comedy'
Niccolo Machiavelli
1469-1527
Italian diplomat and philosopher
Famous for writing 'The Prince' and 'The Discourses on Livy'
Titian
1488-1576
Italian painter
Celebrated for portraits of Pope Paul III and Charles I
Also celebrated for late religious and mythical paintings like 'Venus and Adonis' and 'Metamorphoses'
William Tyndale
1494-1536
English biblical translator, humanist and scholar
Burned at stake for translating Bible to English
William Byrd
1539/40-1623
English composer
Known for development of English madrigal and religious organ music
John Milton
1608-1674
English poet and historian
Wrote epic poem 'Paradise Lost'
William Shakespeare
1564-1616
England's 'national poet'
Most famous playwright of all time
Celebrated for his sonnets and plays
Donatello
1386-1466
Italian sculptor
Celebrated for lifelike sculptures like 'David'
Commissioned by Medici family
Sandro Botticella
1445-1510
Italian painter
Painted 'Birth of Venus'
Raphael
Italian sculptor, painter and architect
Learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo
Best known for his paintings of Madonna and 'The School of Athens'
Michelangelo
Italian sculptor, painter and architect
Carved 'David'
Painted Sistine Chapel in Rome
Primarily a time of classical learning and wisdom after long period of cultural decline and stagnation
Humanism
Cultural movement gained momentum in Italy in 14th century
Humanism promoted the idea that people should embrace all human achievements
"In 1450, the invention of the Gutenberg printing press allowed for improved communication throughout Europe and for ideas to spread more quickly. As a result of this advance in communication, little-known texts from early humanist authors such as those by Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, which promoted the renewal of traditional Greek and Roman culture and values, were printed and distributed to the masses"
Demise factors
Numerous wars had plagued Italian peninsula by 15th century
Spanish, French and German invaders battling for Italian territories
Changing trade routes led to period of economic decline and limited amount of money that wealthy contributors could speed
Catholic Church censored artists and writers in response to Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent established Roman Inquisition
Agriculture
Mouldboard Plow
Founded in 1000
Used to exploit fertile and heavy clay soils of northern Europe
Horseshoe
Founded in 1000
Used for increasing plowing capacity of horse
Made horses a better option than slow moving oxes
Windmills
Invented in 1180
Waterwheels were primary energy sources when windmills arrived
Much more efficient than watermills because they harness power of the winds
Three-Field System
Divided farmland into three sections
One had spring crops, one had winter crops and one was left fallow
Increased agricultural productivity by providing more continuous use of the land improved soil fertility
Vertical windmills and vastly improved water mills helped as well
Social Constructs and Hierarchy
Merchants
Formed by artisans to protect their interests, settle disputes between employers and skilled workers, and to set wages and prices
Merchant guilds
Formed by artisans to protect their interests, settle disputes between employers and skilled workers, and to set wages and prices
Merchants would often have to deal with robbers, sea pirates and clever money lenders. Merchants would form and share partnerships to protect themselves
Apprenticeships
The demand for skilled workers was growing. Apprenticeships began to set up to train young people in particular trades. Most were seven-year agreements, and were strictly controlled by guilds
Trade
Merchants would travel to Asia, northern Africa and Middle East with goods such as iron, timber and copper and would return with exotic silks, furs, spices, gold and precious stones
Goods and ideas were also exchanged
Believed that windmill was heard of from traders in Iran and soap from traders in China
Development of cities and towns
Hygiene
Many people threw sewage and rubbish out onto the streets
Rats were very common and led to the Black Death (1348-1349)
Reeked of cloth dyes and blood of slaughtered animals
Became smelly, rat-infested rubbish dumps, splattered with food scraps, bones and sewage
Townspeople would have to tramp through muck of town lanes to reach central marketplace
Towns
There were few towns in England
Very small by modern-day standards
Domesday Book of 1087 only includes six towns in its enquiry
Would mostly grow where people meet like crossroads or rivers
Owners would have to make sure their towns were safe for traders
Had large fences built around them and gates were locked at night
Successful towns attracted many merchants
It was in the town owner's best interest to attract merchants as they paid tax
Tax
It was in the town owner's best interest to attract merchants as they paid tax
System was open to abuse or corruption as many people were illiterate. Therefore, many people wanted to get on charter
Life for a poor person was described as 'nasty, brutal and short'
Fire and diseases were major issues due to hygiene issues and most houses were made of wood
Had curfews but there were no police to enforce this rule
Life/lifestyles
Most people would wade through muck of town lanes to reach central marketplace
Central marketplace
Would bustle with activity of traders, musicians, actors, jugglers, pickpockets, beggars
Architecture
Large walls were built around towns as they grew
Cramped homes of the poor were near the walls
Most houses were coated with highly flammable paint made of pitch and linseed oil
Plague
Black Death
One of the deadliest pandemics in human history
Resulted in significant demographic, economic and social consequences
Primarily transferred through bites of infected fleas that infested black rats
Arrived in 1347, likely through trade and military movements
Symptoms
High fever
Swollen and painful baboes
Dark patches on skin
Severe fatigue
Impact
Entire communities were decimated
Some regions experienced mortality rates of 50%-75%
Loss of life led to labour shortages, economic disruption and changes in social structures
Contributed to decline of feudalism
Played role in shaping course of European history including cultural, economic and political developments during and after Middle Ages
Many people fled the city for rural areas but that didn't work either
People believed this was a divine punishment - retribution for sins against God such as greed, blasphemy, heresy, formication and worldliness
People thought they had to purge their communities of heretics and other people. This made lots of people move to rural areas to avoid the crazy mobs.
Officials slowed the plague by social distancing and isolation, techniques still used today
Sailors were isolated on their ships for 30 days which was later increased to 40 days
Second Pandemic
14th to 17th centuries
Originated in Central Asia
Most infamous and deadly phase of pandemic was Black Death
Resurfaced through Europe over next few centuries
Contributed significant changes in demographic patterns, social structures and economic systems
Played a role in decline of feudalism
Study in journal 'Nature' found that bacteria for plague originated in teeth of early plague victims
Justinian Plague
Devastating outbreak of bubonic plague occurring reign of Byzantine Empire Justinian I
Believed to have originated in Africa or Asia and spread to Eastern Roman Empire through trade routes and military campaigns
Estimated to have caused significant mortality, with some estimates suggesting it killed up to 25 million people
Caused disruptions in trade, agriculture and overall economic activities
Considered precursor to Black Death
Other diseases
Smallpox
Highly contagious and deadly infectious disease
Spread rapidly, particularly in crowded and unsanitary urban areas
Caused by variola virus
Characterised by high mortality rates
Contributed to population decline affecting economic activities and labour availability
Typhus
Often occurred in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions such as war, sieges or famines
Symptoms
High fever
Headaches
Muscle pain
Characteristic rash
Distinguished in 19th century
First reliable description appears during siege of the Emirate of Grenada by Catholic Monarchs in 1489
Came into Europe by Spanish soldiers returning from USA
Can be called camp fever, jail fever or war fever
Infected person experiences headache, loss of appetite, malaise and rapid rise in temperature with fever, chills, marked prostration and nausea
Cholera
Transmitted through contaminated water or food
Highly unlikely that cholera was present during medieval period because first major cholera pandemic originated in India in 1817
If cholera existed during that time, it would be because the atmosphere was polluted by air from decaying bodies or from swamps
Influenza
Caused by influenza viruses and is contagious respiratory illness
Unsanitary areas might have greatly contributed to spread of influenza
Possible example of flu in medieval Europe is 'English Sweat' which caused significant mortality rates
Diseases lead to widespread suffering and mortality impacting trade travel, social structures and other various aspects of medieval life
Treated by "gargling rose water, quinces, mulberries and sealed earth"